Summary Marketing free essay sample

Marketing process: understand the marketplace and customer needs and wants ( design a customer-driven marketing strategy ( construct and integrated marketing program that delivers superior value ( build profitable relationships and create customer delight ( capture value from customers to create profits and customer equity. 5 core customer and marketplace concepts: 1. Needs, wants, demands 2. Marketing offerings (Products, services, and experiences) 3. Value and satisfaction (building blocks for developing and managing customer relationships) 4. Exchanges and relationships 5. Markets (the set of all actual and potential buyers of a product or service) So the marketing process involves 5 steps: the first four steps create value for customers. First, marketers need to understand the marketplace and customer needs and wants. Next, marketers design a customer-driven marketing strategy with the goal of getting, keeping and growing target customers. In the third step, marketers construct a marketing program that actually delivers superior value. All of these steps form the basis for the fourth step, building profitable customer relationships and creating customer delight. We will write a custom essay sample on Summary Marketing or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In the final step, the company reaps the rewards of strong customer relationships by capturing value from customers. Marketing myopia: only watching at the product instead of the underlying customer needs. Marketing management: the art and science of choosing target markets and building profitable relationships with them. (find, attract, keep, and grow target customers by creating, delivering, and communicating superior customer value). = customer management and demand management. It’s best to select customers (target marketing) instead of serving all customers. alternative concepts under which organisations design and carry out their marketing strategies: †¢ Production concept: consumers will favour products that are available and highly affordable †¢ Product concept: consumers will favour products that offer the most in quality, performance, and innovative features. †¢ Selling: buying asks for a lot of selling and promotion effort. ( inside-out perspective â⠂¬ ¢ Marketing: achieving organizational goals depends on knowing the needs and wants of target markets and delivering the desired satisfactions better than competitors do. The job is not to find the right customers for your product, but to find the right products for your customer. ( outside-in perspective. Our goal is to lead customers where they want to go before they know where they want to go. †¢ Societal marketing concepts: a company should make good marketing decisions by considering consumers’ wants, the company’s requirements, consumers’ long-run interests, and society’s long-run interests. Selling concept: factory ( existing products ( selling and promoting ( profits through sales volume Marketing concept: market ( customer needs ( integrated marketing ( profits through customer satisfaction 4 P’s of marketing: Product, Price, Place, Promotion (these are marketing mix tools ( integrated marketing program) Customer relationship management: the overall process of building and maintaining profitable customer relationships by delivering superior customer value and satisfaction. Customer perceived value: the customer’s evaluation of the difference between all the benefits and all the costs of a market offering relative to those of competing offers. Customer satisfaction: the extent to which a product’s perceived performance matches a buyer’s expectations. A company should deliver high customer satisfaction relative to competitors, it does not attempt to maximize customer satisfaction. In the past companies focused on mass marketing to all customers, today companies are building more direct and lasting relationships with more carefully selected customers (selective relationship management). Direct marketing (by telephone, mail-order catalogs, kiosks and online) is booming. Partner relationship management: working closely with partners in other company departments and outside the company to jointly bring greater value to customers ( every employee must be customer focused. Outcomes of creating customer value: customer loyalty and retention, share of market and share of customer, and customer equity. The aim of customer relationship management is to create not just customer satisfaction, but customer delight (emotional relationship with product or service). Customer lifetime value: the value of the entire stream of purchases that a customer would make over a lifetime of patronage. Share of customer: the portion of the customer’s purchasing that a company gets in its product categories. Companies want not only to create profitable customers, but to ‘own’ them for life, capture their customer lifetime value, and earn a greater share of their purchases. Customer equity: the combined discounted customer lifetime values of all of the company’s current and potential customers. Whereas sales and market share reflect the past, customer equity suggests the future. The goal is to build the right relationship with the right customers. The major new developments in marketing can be summed up in a single word: relationships. Today, marketers of all kinds are taking advantage of new opportunities for building relationships with their customers, their marketing partners, and the world around them. 2 Company and Marketing strategy: Partnering to build customer relationships Strategic planning: the process of developing and maintaining a strategic fit between the organization’s goals and capabilities and its changing marketing opportunities ( adapting the firm to take advantage of opportunities in its constantly changing environment. Mission statement: a statement of the organization’s purpose –what it wants to accomplish in the larger environment. They should be market oriented and defined in terms of customer needs. They should be realistic and specific. They should fit the market environment and be motivating. Business portfolio: the collection of businesses and products that make up the company The major activity in strategic planning is business portfolio analysis, whereby management evaluates the products and businesses making up the company. Product/market expansion grid: a portfolio-planning tool for identifying company growth opportunities through: †¢ market penetration: making more sales to current customers without changing its products †¢ market development: identifying and developing new market segments for current company products †¢ product development: offering modified or new products to current markets †¢ diversification: starting up or acquiring businesses outside the company’s current products and markets. Companies must not only develop strategies for growing their business ortfolios but also strategies for downsizing them. Managers should focus on promising growth opportunities, not fritter away energy trying to salvage fading ones. Customer value and satisfaction are important ingredients in the marketer’s formula for success. Marketers must partner effectively with other companies in the marketing system to form a competitively superior value-delivery network. Value chai n: the series of departments that carry out value-creating activities to design, produce, market, deliver, and support a firm’s products. A company’s success depends on how well each department performs its work of adding customer value and on how well the activities of various departments are coordinated. In today’s marketplace competition no longer takes place between individual competitors. Rather, it takes place between the entire value-delivery networks created by these competitors. So even if Toyota makes the best cars, it might lose in the marketplace if Ford’s dealer network provides more customer-satisfying sales and service. Customer-driven marketing strategy: Companies cannot serve all consumers in a given market. So they divide up the total market, choose the best segments and design strategies for profitably serving chosen segments. This process involves: †¢ market segmentation: the process of dividing a market into distinct groups of buyers who have different needs, characteristics, or behaviors, who might require separate products or market programs. A market segment consists of consumers who respond in a similar way to a given set of marketing efforts. †¢ target marketing: a company should target segments in which it can profitably generate the greatest customer value and sustain it over time. Market positioning: arranging for a product to occupy a clear, distinctive, and desirable place relative to competing products in the minds of target consumers. †¢ Differentiation: actually differentiating the market offering to create superior customer value. Marketing mix: the set of controllable tactical marketing tools: product, price, place and promotion, that the firm blends to produce the response it wants in the target market. One concern: the four P’s concept takes the seller’s view of the market, not the buyer’s view. It might be better described as the four C’s. Ps4Cs ProductCustomer solution PriceCustomer cost PlaceConvenience PromotionCommunication Managing the marketing process requires the four marketing management functions: analysis, planning, implementation, and control. SWOT analyse: a complete analysis of the company’s situation. It evaluates the company’s overall Strengths (S), Weaknesses (W), Opportunities (O) and Threats (T). Contents of a marketing plan: executive summary, current marketing situation, threats and opportunities analysis, objectives and issues, marketing strategy, action programs, budgets, controls. To be successful companies must also be effective at implementation: turning marketing strategies into marketing actions. Marketing control involves evaluating the results of marketing strategies and plans and taking corrective action to ensure that objectives are attained. Marketers want to know the actual return on investments: Return on marketing investment (or marketing ROI): the net return from a marketing investment divided by the costs of the marketing investment. Marketers are using customer-centered measures of marketing impact, such as customer acquisition, customer retention, and customer lifetime value. Increased customer equity in relation to the cost of the marketing investments, determines return on marketing investment. A company’s success depends on how well each department performs its customer value-adding activities and how well the departments work together to serve the customer ( partner relationship management ( so they form an effective value chain that serves the customer. 3 The marketing environment Marketing environment: the actors and forces outside marketing that affect marketing management’s ability to build and maintain successful relationships with target customers. It is made up of a microenvironment and a macroenvironment. Microenvironment: the actors close to the company that affect its ability to serve its customers: the company, suppliers, marketing intermediaries, customer markets, competitors, and publics. Macroenvironment: the larger societal forces that affect the microenvironment: demographic, economic, natural, technological, political, and cultural forces. The company’s microenvironment Marketing management’s job is to build relationships with customers by creating customer value and satisfaction. The company n designing marketing plans, marketing management takes other company groups into account-groups such as top management, finance, research and development (RD), purchasing, operations, and accounting. Suppliers they provide the resources needed by the company to produce its goods and services. Most marketers today treat their suppliers as partners in creating and delivering customer value. Marketing intermediaries help the company to promote, sell, and distribute its products to final buyers; they include resellers, physical distribution firms, marketing service agencies and financial intermediaries. Today’s marketers recognize the importance of working with their intermediaries as partners rather than simply as channels through which they sell their products. Customers The company needs to study five types of customer markets closely: 1. consumer markets 2. business markets 3. reseller markets 4. government markets 5. international markets Competitors The marketing concept states that to be successful, a company must provide greater customer value and satisfaction than its competitors do. No single competitive marketing strategy is best for all companies. Publics A public is any group that has an actual or potential interest in or impact on an organization’s ability to achieve its objectives: †¢ Financial publics influence the company’s ability to obtain funds: banks and stockholders. †¢ Media publics carry news, features, and editorial opinions: newspapers, magazines †¢ Government publics, marketers must often consult the company’s lawyers on issues of products safety, truth in advertising, and other matters †¢ Citizen-action publics †¢ Local publics †¢ General publics †¢ Internal publics The company’s macroenvironment Major forces in the company’s macroenvironment: †¢ Demographic forces: demography is the study of human populations in terms of size, density, location, age, gender, race, occupation, and other statistics. the post-world war 2 baby boom produced 78 million baby boomers, born between 1946-1964. The youngest boomers are now in their early forties. As a group, the baby boomers are the most affluent Americans. However although the more affluent boomers have grabbed most of the headlines, baby boomers cut across all walks of life, creating a diverse set f target segments for businesses. Generation X: the 45 million people born between 1965 and 1976 in the ‘birth dearth’ following the baby boom. Generation Y: The 72 million children of the baby boomers, born between 1977 and 1994. But marketers need to form more precise age-specific segments with each group. Marketers must increasingly consider the special needs of non-traditional households, because they are now g rowing more rapidly than traditional households. Each group has distinctive needs and buying habits. This is a period of great migratory movements between and within countries, this is interesting because people in different regions buy differently. The U. S. population is becoming better educated. The rising number of educated people will increase the demand for quality products, books, magazines, travel, personal computers, and internet services. Between 2004 and 2014, the number of professional workers is expected to increase 21% and manufacturing is expected to decline 5%. As the population in the United States grows more diverse, successful marketers will continue to diversify their marketing programs to take advantage of opportunities in fast-growing segments: gay/lesbian, people with disabilities, ethnic groups. †¢ Economic forces: consists of factors that affect consumer purchasing power and spending patterns. Some countries have subsistence economies they consume most of their own agricultural and industrial output. Others are industrial economies, which constitute rich markets for many different kinds of goods. people are spending more carefully since the recession of the early 2000s. alue marketing has become the watchword for many marketers. Rather than offering high quality at a high price, or lesser quality at very low prices, marketers are looking for ways to offer today’s more financially cautious buyers greater value – just the right combination of product quality and good service at a fair price. Over the past three dec ades, the rich have grown richer, the middle class has shrunk and the poor have remained poor. Food, housing and transportation use up the most household income. However consumers at different income levels have different spending patterns. Engel’s laws: as family income rise, the percentage spent on food declines, the percentage spent on housing remains about constant (except for such utilities as gas, electricity, and public services, which decrease), and both the percentage spent on most other categories and that devoted to savings increase. †¢ Natural forces: involves the natural resources that are needed as inputs by marketers or that are affected by marketing activities. Marketers should be aware of several trends in the natural environment: shortage of raw materials increased pollution increased government intervention In the U. S. the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) was created in 1970 to set and enforce pollution standards and to conduct pollution research. †¢ Technological forces create new technologies, creating new product and market opportunities. They made a lot of wonders (televisions, cars, internet) and a lot of blunders (chemical weapons, nuclear missiles). New technologies cre ate new markets and opportunities. Every new technology replaces an older technology. As products and technology become more complex, the public needs to know that these are safe. Thus, government agencies investigate and ban potentially unsafe products. †¢ Political forces consists of laws, government agencies, and pressure groups that influence or limit various organizations and individuals in a given society. Almost every marketing activity is subject to a wide range of laws and regulations. Legislation affecting business around the world has increased steadily over the years. Regulations are constantly changing, marketers must work hard to keep up with changes in regulations and their interpretations. Reasons for business legislation: To protect companies from each other To protect consumers To protect the interest of society Cause-related marketing has become a primary form of corporate giving. It lets companies ‘do well by doing good’ by linking purchases of the company’s products or services with fund-raising for worthwhile causes or charitable organizations. Critics: cause-related marketing is more a strategy for selling than a strategy for giving. †¢ Cultural forces: institutions and other forces that affect society’s basic values, perceptions, preferences, and behaviours. Core beliefs and values are passed on from parents to children and are reinforced by schools, churches, businesses, and governments. Secondary beliefs and values are more open to change. Believing in marriage is a core belief, believing that people should get married early in life is a secondary belief. The major cultural values of a society are expressed in people’s views of themselves and others, as well as in their views of organizations, society, nature, and the universe. More people choose to stay home, this asks for home improvement and entertainment products (cocooning). People are getting more aware of nature( organic food, fuel-efficient cars People vary in their beliefs about the origin of the universe and their place in it. People have been moving away from materialism and dog-eat-dog ambition to seek more permanent values – family, community, earth, faith – and more certain grasp of right and wrong. Marketing management cannot always control environmental forces. But whenever possible, smart marketing managers will take a proactive rather than reactive approach to the marketing environment.

Good Comedy is tragedy narrowly averted Essays

Good Comedy is tragedy narrowly averted Essays Good Comedy is tragedy narrowly averted Essay Good Comedy is tragedy narrowly averted Essay the deception towards Beatrice is performed by Hero and Ursula. This is significant as Hero is first portrayed as quiet and innocent and then is shown to insult Beatrice behind her back. This could be seen in two different ways, the reader could interpret this to be as a means for Beatrice own good so that she will change who she s for Benedict, or this could be a subtle way of Hero telling Beatrice what she really thinks of her in a clever way that doesnt look as though she is insulting her. The method of deception for the women is a lot harsher than that of the men, they insult Beatrice and try to make he feel bad about herself by calling her self-endeared an agate very vilely cut and saying that she cannot love this appears to hurt Beatrice and she says that she will change who she is for Benedict. However, if the play was a tragedy then this could have easily been taken the wrong way and hurting Benedict and Beatrice relationship further y making Beatrice believe the things that are said and possibly becoming bitterer. By describing Beatrice as an agate very vilely cut it suggests that she is beautiful on the inside but her harsh persona makes her seem like a shrew. An agate is a type of semi- precious stone that is blue in color, the connotations of the color blue is that of sadness, portraying the idea that Beatrice appears sad with her life and that is why she has to change so that she can be happy with Benedict.

The Positive and Negative Effects of Outsourcing Research Paper

The Positive and Negative Effects of Outsourcing - Research Paper Example However, outsourcing impact on the economy is widely debated in order to ascertain its inevitability or otherwise. In American society, the debate has not lasted as yet and both sides have some solid evidence to favor their arguments. Although the argument that denies the inevitability of phenomenon claims it to be a major cause of unemployment in America, the positive impact of outsourcing on the economy cannot be rejected altogether. As a matter of fact, there is a fair amount of subjectivity in the questions like where, when and how outsourcing should be employed and the detrimental effects of outsourcing on US job market are a reality but another reality is the importance of these outsourcing companies to the US economy. Although cost is the key factor while making a decision of outsourcing, it must also be a strategic decision at the same time. A strategic decision takes into account the capabilities of company's resources, challenges at hand, benefits and key factors that favor outsourcing. The strategic outsourcing prevents the outsourcing of goods, services, and labor that are critically important to the function of the company. At the same time, strategic outsourcing can take into account the expected impact of an outsourcing decision on a national economy. The establishment of a separate formal Officials authority might be a good idea to evolve a regulating mechanism and to strike a balance in outsourcing decisions. Nevertheless, purging it all together is not an option.   Pacing with rapid changes in business dimensions has become a demanding challenge for business leaders in diminishing geographical limitations. Technology in general and cutting-edge communications in particular drastically redefines business operations in terms of resources. The globalization has vast and vivid repercussions on business domains and business leaders have to be very knowledgeable and current on prevailing trends in human resources, purchases, and supplies to manage these effects in their specific domain. The globalization of businesses and advancement in technologies to support these global business operations have reduced the geographical limitation of engaging low cost human and material resources while managing supplies of products produced overseas in the spur of the moment they are required by the businesses. Today, the stage is all set for businesses to engage low-cost resources through outsourcing; a concept that can considerably slash the production and service costs while targeting the profit maximization. Companies all over the world are now striving hard to reduce the cost of their products or services by efficient management of resources, purchases, and supplies. Jacques1 defines, â€Å"Outsourcing means more than just the purchase of raw materials and standardized intermediate goods. It can be defined as a long-term, result oriented partnership of company with an external provider for activities that would otherwise have been pe rformed in-house.†Ã‚  Ã‚  

Darwin's Dangerous Ideas Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Darwin's Dangerous Ideas - Essay Example That the human mind and brain are products of evolution is tough to contest, although some noticeable persons like the renowned linguist Chomsky seemingly disagree. Dennett also has an objectively conservative but at times confusing argument of the meme impression and the inferences of human learning ability. When Dennett gets into deliberations of his positions on the strong AI theory of mind and the nature of meaning, I don't think his suggestions of evolutionary theory are very strong and several of his arguments appear based more on equivalence than anything else. The book determines with a set of chapters on ethics. Part IIThe writer focused on the general evolutionary theories and comments about the theories rather than on the content of the videos. The writer focused on the arguments posed by the crusaders of other theories, for example the Christians who are strong advocates of the creation theory.   I agree with the writer’s explanation of natural selection and evol ution. The writer gives conclusive examples on the subject and goes on to compare it with the Christian belief. The writer’s understanding of the subject matter is irrefutable as he touches on all the aspects of Darwin’s work. The writer however could have focused more on the content of the videos to make his work totally conclusive. Dennett tries to raise evolutionary theory in an exertion to support his previous claim that the human is a "strong artificial intelligence (AI)" sort of architecture, a notion that has been battled dynamically.

Political Parties and the Electoral Process Essay - 1

Political Parties and the Electoral Process - Essay Example In considering this topic, it is important to understand the differences between the two major parties, to look at the role that campaigns play in keeping a strong hold on the two-party system, and to explore possible reasons why third-part candidates have never had much success in American Presidential elections. Differences in Ideology Just as family members offer differ amongst themselves in regards to important issues, the two major political parties are no different. While there are some issues that the two surprisingly agree on, there are many ideological differences that have formed through the years, resulting in the huge divide that we see today. Some differences regarding social issues are evident. Democrats, for example, by and large are in opposition to the death penalty, while a substantial majority of Republicans are in support (Newport, 2009). Another social issue that is even more decisive is that of abortion. Democrats overwhelmingly are pro-choice, meaning that they support a women’s right to an abortion. Republicans, on the other hand, are in staunch opposition to abortion and believe that it should be made illegal at the national level. Finally, consider the differences in terms of the scope of government. The Democratic party supports a larger government that provides more government services to the country, while Republicans push for a smaller and more streamlined government that focused on business and private development (Pletka, 2013). Third-Party Candidates, The Electoral Process, and Presidential Campaigns When one is looking at political news in America, it becomes obvious rather quickly that many citizens are unhappy with their political choices. While the two parties offer different choices, many argue that they seem out of touch with the average America. As such, it would stand to reason that a third-party would be possible in the country, yet for decades such a party has tried and failed time after time. The current system is simply stacked against them. Since most financial donor in the country give to one of the two major political parties, they control the campaigns, air time, and debate cycles. It is difficult for a third-party candidate to even wage a serious national campaign. This is largely due to an electoral system that divides the presidential election into separate contests in each of the 50 states. As such, third party candidates cannot even get on the ballot everywhere because they do not have the financial and logical resources to gain support in each of the 50 United States (Schultz, 2009). Because of these and other reasons, such candidates have never really managed to find much traction when waging a national campaign. Conclusion While there is certainly a basis for having a third-party in the United States, conditions simply have not allowed it. Some of this can likely be attributed to voter and political apathy, while the crux of the issue is likely related to money. The reality i s that there are enough ideological differences between the two major political parties in America that it keeps them separate and distinct in the eyes of campaign donors, and the public in general. Add to this the fact the electoral college system views the race for President as a state-by-state contest,

Cross Cultural Issues in Performance Management

Cross Cultural Issues in Performance Management When planning to expand into the global marketplace, the expanding business should set forth a well-planned business process that considers the inherent cultural differences that considers the inherent cultural differences that may exist from country to country. Cultural differences can almost always be identified as one of the primary reasons for the gaps in global internet development. Cultural factors were considered the predictors of the level of acceptance of Internet in a society. Cultural factors also determine the section of a society most likely to use the Internet, the purpose of the use of the Internet, the site visited, purpose of use of the Internet, the site visited, purchase decisions, etc. Hence it is important to consider the cross cultural issues and differences when developing any type of global business strategy The problems that arise in joint ventures become even more salient in the new forms of multicultural organizations that have been called collaborations. When the group working together contains members from three or more cultures and may be operating in yet a fourth different culture, or may not be co-located at all, what kinds of cultural issues are likely to come ? Misunderstanding the rules and norms surrounding the issue of authority is probably the most common problem in newly formed multicultural groups. The high degree of formality that is associated with diplomacy can be understood as a defense against making mistakes in this cultural arena. But formality itself can lead to problems if there nonsufficient understanding In the work situation, if the leader is from a culture in which it is expected that subordinates will speak up if they have a relevant piece of information, but he or she is dealing with group members whose norms dictate that one does not speak up until the boss specially asks, and even then one suppress information that would embarrass the boss, one can foresee that this group will have difficulty being effective. Misunderstandings around authority then have a direct impact on the quality of communication that is possible Another example of going global is seen in personalized service firms such as law and accounting .These professions are focusing on cross-border activities like recruiting the local people who have their own culture, language, legal systems and accounting systems. The need for international expertise and capital is one reason for this trend. Companies of professionals are forming alliances with their foreign counterparts such as the Alliance of European Lawyers. In only 10% of 191 nations are the people ethnically or racially homogenous. Never before in history have so many inhabitants traveled beyond their homelands, either to travel or work abroad, or to flee as refugees. In host countries, the social fabric is being reconfigured and strained by massive waves of immigrants, whether legal or illegal. It is estimated that Chinese now constitute 3% of New York Citys population, with a quarter million of them concentrated in Manhattan Islands Chinatown, which overflows into older ethnic neighborhoods. This is the largest Chinese expatriate group outside Southeast Asia. The Industrial Age has given way to the Information Age, and we can only speculate on its replacement in the next one hundred years. Thus todays leaders are required to develop new models of management systems. They need to be more innovative and recognize the role of each and every employee in the organization in order to achieve the overall organizational goals. These dramatic changes in the workplace are producing some interesting challenges for everyone, from entry-level employees to top management. The management of the organizations should be ready to face these conflicts and challenges that may happen when the people from diverse cultures work together as a team to achieve organizational goals. But management can also enjoy the different opportunities like productivity, expansion, and new levels of growth due to the cross-cultural environment. Our research is about successfully handling these conflicts and takes advantage of these opportunities Globally, cross-cultural research has become increasingly essential. We can see people from diverse cultures in European countries. In this modern age , there is a need for cultural awareness and to understand people beliefs and practices. This, I argue, can be obtained by research, particularly the qualitative approach. I think cross-cultural research is very important that can help organizations to understand and create awareness about issues that may arise when people from different cultures work together as a unit 1.2 Research Questions What Is the Function of Culture? What Are Cultural Differences? Do Cultural Differences Really Have an Impact on Workplace? What are cross-cultural issues and how can we resolve them to improve organizational performance? What Are the Signs and effects of Cross-Cultural Management Issues in organizations and how can we resolve them? What Are the Signs and effects of Cross-Cultural Teamwork Issues in organizations and how can we resolve them? What Are the Signs and effects of Cross-Cultural Communication Issues in organizations and how can we resolve them? What Are the Signs and effects of Cross-Cultural Career Management Issues in organizations and how can we resolve them? 1.3 Research Objectives The purpose of our research is to understand the cross-cultural differences that exist in organizations and their impact on the performance of the organizations. We will also pinpoint how the rewards, leadership and communications get different perspectives in cross-cultural environment. We will also study the importance of training programs and their orientation in cross-cultural environment. The focus of our study will be on Cultural differences and similarities Behaviour in global perspective Cultural shock Managerial responses Decision making across cultures Motivation across cultures Reward across cultures Leadership across cultures Power and conflict across cultures Communications across cultures Environments across cultures Organization structure and technology across cultures Cross-culture training 1.4 Key Literature view Initial Knowledge Management (KM) strategies relied heavily on ICT-based solutions to store and retrieve explicit organizational knowledge. However, these ICT-based strategies often failed to deliver meaningful results (Ambrosio 2000). To date, much of the KM literature has focused on corporate and organizational culture, with relatively little attention paid to the implications of national culture. However KM, which is context embedded, is a particularly culturally dependent process (Glisby and Holden 2003; Nonaka and Toyama 2003). Effective KM practices developed by and for one culture may not necessarily be successfully used by other cultures (Pauleen and Murphy 2005). This is an important point as cross-cultural knowledge sharing has become more prevalent through the forces of globalization, advances in communications technology, and increasingly culturally diverse workforces (Cox 1991; Nemetz and Christensen 1996), as well as through international mergers and acquisitions, Internet based e-commerce, and an increasing trend to global outsourcing. Meanwhile, dominant Western cultural assumptions about knowledge and KM influence KM research and development. Given these factors, an understanding of the influence of national culture is now, arguably, a critical requirement in understanding and implementing successful KM in organizations. 1.5 Methodology We will focuses primarily on secondary cross-cultural comparisons (using other peoples data). Some measurement techniques lend themselves more readily to comparison than others. We will also use participant observations and un-structured interviewing that are usually a necessary first step in any field study. It goes without saying that any measure used across sites needs to be applicable to all the sites. Most comparative field studies deal with general domains of life that are found in all societies-for example, words and classification of colors, kin, animals, and plants, ideas about illness, raising children, and social behaviors. We will Compare Primary Data from Field Studies for Behavior Observations 1.6 Research ethical issues Distinct and conceivably unanticipated ethical issues emanate from the unpredictable nature of qualitative research. Ethical considerations relevant to quantitative research impact qualitative investigations in unique and more fragile ways. The ethical dilemmas Inherent in issues surrounding informed consent, anonymity and confidentiality, data generation, treatment, publications, and participant-researcher relationships are reviewed in light of the unique issues that emerge in the design and conduct of qualitative investigations. Ethical standards for qualitative investigations must evolve from sense that the research is dynamic and that the process, by its application may result in unanticipated ethical concerns. The researcher must remain open to the possibility of new, and, to date, unexamined ethical concerns related to qualitative research. Further, the evolving standards must be grounded in the ethical principles of autonomy, beneficence, and justice Researcher must observe certain basic principles when conducting any form of research that involves human subjects. First, participants must not be harmed, thereby supporting the principle of beneficence. In any qualitative investigations, if researchers sense that the interview is causing issues to surface that may result in emotional trauma to participants, they must protect the welfare of the participants that confidentiality and anonymity will be upheld and that participants will be treated with dignity and respect. The principles of beneficence and justice are upheld in this regard. The three ethical principles of autonomy, beneficence and justice provide the organizing framework for meaningful dialogue regarding ethical issues that pertain to qualitative investigations

Death Penalty Essay -- essays research papers fc

Thesis It is more reasonable to utilize the death penalty than to abolish it. The death penalty should not be abolished because (1) it deters people from committing murder and (2) because the death penalty gives peace of mind to the victims and their families and puts an end to the crime.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Arguments for the thesis (1) The death penalty should not be abolished because the fear of the highest form of punishment will keep potential victims alive. (2) The death penalty should not be abolished because the families of the victims can only begin the healing process once the murderer is put to death. Response to objections to the thesis (1) Objection: The death penalty should be abolished because even the highest form of punishment will not remove the evil from society. Response: If the death penalty was abolished, the convicted murderer has the potential to escape and kill again. This will spread more evil and give the option to kill again to the murderer. (2) Objection: The execution of a convicted murderer will never bring the victims back to life. Therefore it serves no purpose other than to kill.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Response: Resurrection has never been the purpose of the death penalty. The family members just want to start healing and they can’t while the perpetrator is still alive. Bibliography Van der Haag, Ernest and John P. Conrad, The Death Penalty: A Debate (New York: Plenum Press, 1983). Arlen Specter, â€Å"Congress must make Death Sentences Meaningful Again† (Human Events, July 1994). Hugo, Adam Bedau, Ed., The Death penalty in America: Current Controversies (New York: Oxford University Press, 1997) Blumstein, Cohen, Nagin, Deterrence and Incapacitation (National Academy Press January 1978) It is more reasonable to utilize the death penalty than to abolish it. The death penalty should not be abolished because (1) it deters people from committing murder and (2) because the death penalty gives peace of mind to the victims and their families and puts an end to the crime. The death penalty deters some people from committing heinous crimes and thereby also saves human lives. Not everyone will be deterred from committing heinous crimes because of the death penalty. However, since the death penalty is the highest penalty for crimes it will obviously evoke the most fear in a human being. This fear will save... ...rt the healing process. If a state governed by law is to be able to show warmth, compassion and peace of mind to victims and their families, then the death penalty is the most effective way to bring this about. The argument to the above is that the death penalty does not bring back any victim to life, therefore, unnecessary. Just because someone has taken a life, it doesn’t mean that the convict’s life should also be taken. Is it fair to take a bad situation and make it worse? The death penalty will never sweep away the emotions and feelings of grief that the relatives and friends feel. Murdering the convicted murder would only cause more grief for his family, therefore, over time, grieving would become commonplace. Resurrection has never been the purpose of the death penalty. It is understood that the death penalty will not totally take away the emotions and feelings of the relatives, however the death penalty will ease those pains. The grief and despair would be considerably heavier to carry if the relatives knew that the perpetrator was only sentenced to prison and would be released after a period of time. Therefore, I feel that the death penalty will never become unnecessary.

The Watts Riot

It is August 17 1965 and, we just went through the worst week of our lives things are finally starting to calm down. As we are going into town to see what is left, and to access the damages, we try to understand how this got so out of control. In the course of seven days, 34 lives were lost and, more than 1,032 were injured, the police had arrested 3,438 people and, there are over $40 million in property damages (Watts Riots 2013). This all started from what should have been a routine arrest by the police of young Black boy suspected of driving while intoxicated.It all started the in the early evening on August 11,1965 when police pulled over two brothers named Marquette and Ronald Frye just blocks from their house. As the police proceeded to give Marquette a field sobriety test that he failed, Ronald walked to their house get his mother, Rena Price. Marquette had been cooperating with the police when his mother showed at the scene until she started yelling at him for drinking. At th is point Marquette pushed his mother and headed toward a crowd that had gathered. As the police tried to catch him, his mother began to attack the officers that were struggling with the brothers.As the police began to use force to control the situation, the mother, and the crowd began to get hostel. Anger at the scene escalated and bitter incriminations from both sides followed (144 hours 2010). Both brothers and their mother were arrested. As the police began to withdraw from the scene a woman spit on an officer and was arrested. As the last car left the scene it was stoned by the increasing angry onlookers. The growing mob began stoning cars, pulling Whites from the cars and beating them and they also targeted a police command post that had been set up in the area.By early morning the issues seemed all under control except for a few incidents of rock throwing and vandalism, twenty – nine people were arrested throughout the night (144 hours). Thursday August 12, 1965 a meeti ng was held between police and black leaders, due to actions from both sides the meetings failed to come to an agreement to stop the rioting. Police had cordoned off our city in attempt to limit the riot to one area. Later in the evening the National Guard was put on alert. At that time the crowd had grown to more than 1,000 people. The crowds began setting fires, looting the stores, overturning cars, and attacking firemen.It was very clear they were targeting only white businesses, pedestrians, and motorists. By midday the riot had tripled in size and the crowds were focusing on looting the stores in the business strict, assistance had all but disappeared due to firemen and ambulances refusing to enter the area out of fear for their lives. Around midday the National Guard had arrived but the rioting continued to increase. Soon the rioters were covering as far as 50 to 60. (Watts, 2013) Friday August 13, 1965 the riot continues the escalated and is now spred throughout the city the city is starting to look a foreign war zone that you only see on television.There are block of burning building the National Guard are patrolling the street and Marshal law, and a curfew is in effect. You can still hear the shots ring from rioter shooting at the firemen attempting to put out the fires. On Saturday it was reported there more than 3,000 National Guard on station throughout the city and this caused the rioting to begin to slow down. By Sunday most of the riot had ceased and all the major fires were under control. Wednesday August 18 1965. Thing have begun to calm down, and the city is trying to go through and assess all the damages, luckily for me and my family, we have made it through with little loss.As we look around the city, I am in disbelief that our citizens have caused this much damage and anguish to each other. I don’t know if we will ever to fully recover both financially and emotionally. In all, more than 300 fires had been set, 34 lives were lost and more than 1,032 were injured the police had arrested 3,438 people and there are over $40 million in property damages. It is time we as a people come together to make a change, we can’t continues hurting each other. All we can do if attempt to move forward, learn from all this and make sure it never happens again

In Another Country Essays

In Another Country Essays In Another Country Paper In Another Country Paper Essay Topic: A Farewell to Arms War is the worst thing a world can confront. For me. war is ever associated with unhappiness. loss. heartache and people’s courage. And all these subjects are brilliantly unfolded in the narrative In Another Country by Ernest Hemingway. which is under consideration. Hemingway is an American writer of the twentieth century. who won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1954. The 1s of his celebrated plants include The Sun Besides Rises. A Farewell to Arms. The Old Man and The Sea. The popularity of Hemingway’s is based on the subjects. which are love. war. wilderness and loss. all of which are strongly apparent in the organic structure of work. The rubric of the narrative is perplexing. as it has two significances: direct and indirect 1. At first glimpse. In Another Country. refers to the fact that the American storyteller is so in a foreign land-Italy. But the other side of it is that the chief hero is culturally. emotionally in another state. He is at War. the state of the so-called’ illness and wounding. Now allow me give you the brief Reconstruction of the events. It was fall in Milan. a group of soldiers wounded in World War I received intervention at a infirmary. There. one of the chief characters. the storyteller of the narrative. wounded in his articulatio genus. saw three Italian soldiers. but felt a great wall between him and them. because he had received his decoration for being an American. and they really performed efforts of courage to have theirs. Another chief character. the major with the shriveled manus taught him Italian. One twenty-four hours. the major became angry when Nick references about matrimony. he burst out. because the major’s married woman had merely died. The major could non vacate himself to the loss of his married woman. He was crushed. shattered by the intelligence. While reading the narrative we can province several key-points. which help us to understand and analyse the context. And the chief of them. to my head are war and courage. First. allow me brood upon the courage. The attitude towards courage is different in footings of the characters of the narrative. The personality of the storyteller is described indirectly. through his ideas. He wasn’t a courageous adult male during the war. I was really much afraid to die†¦ and inquiring how I would be when I went back to the forepart again’ . As for the three soldiers. there was no impression of the courage in the marks of any of these individuals. The storyteller calls them hunting hawks . They were runing for decorations. stuff values. given by the authorities. non for the religion. The attitude of the supporter and the soldiers are besides specific due to attitude towards the war. so was the major. We get to cognize from the narrative that they are Italian. They are really loyal people. and their responsibility was to protect their state. as the war was on their district. And the storyteller was merely an American. Let me cite: I had been given the decorations because I was an American†¦being wounded. after all. was truly an accident. He didn’t understand why people die. what they fought for. The job of the lost generation’ arises here. The fact is that Americans were apathetic to the war. Their purpose was merely to take part and being wounded. As the consequence. the relationship between the storyteller and the soldiers were specific. Let me cite: I was a friend. but I was neer truly one of them†¦ they have done different things to acquire their medals . I wasn’t a hawk . As for the major. he didn’t believe in courage at at. And Through his loss we understand that for the storyteller the major was the bravest adult male of all. as he possessed a strong head and tried to get by with his feelings like a brave soldier. We are to acknowledge that the writer uses different stylistic device. what makes the narrative more expressive. captivating and interesting to read. First of all it is the use of foreign words. for case Signor Maggiore . A basso gliufficiali! . which reflect the Italian ambiance. where the action takes topographic point. Other stylistic device is symbolism. which. to my head. prevalent in this narrative. The retrieving machines are the symbol of false promises and hopes. I quote: †¦ there were big framed photograps around the wall. of all kinds of lesions before and after they had been cured by the machines†¦ I do non cognize where the physician got them . and this symbol besides implicate with sarcasm. e. g. You will be able to play football once more better than ever . Other symbols. roasted chestnuts . charcoal fire . are the hopes for the better. because they mean light and heat. The narrative makes usage of repeat to stress the narrative In the autumn the war was ever there . It was cold in the autumn in Milan and the dark came really early. He repeats this thought with a somewhat different accent at the terminal of the paragraph: It was a cold autumn and the air current came down from the mountains. This description of nature here is besides instead symbolic. It makes me experience the ambiance of decease and hopelessness. In decision I can state that it is smth bloody and sad. But through all these catastrophes we are to remain worlds and courage 1s. The war will complete. but the human nature is ageless.

Free Essays on The Life Of Edgar Allen Poe

Edgar Allen Poe was born on January 19, 1809 in Boston to Elizabeth Arnold Poe, an English born actress, and David Poe, Jr., an actor from Baltimore, Maryland. His life was that of most children, until his mother tragically died in 1811. The young Edgar Allen went to live with his godfather, John Allen, and his wife who were childless. From 1815 to 1820, his godfather sent him to England and Scotland to begin his classical education. When he returned to Richmond, Virginia, he studied Greek, Latin, French, Spanish, and Italian. He was bright, but while at university, he gambled so excessively that John Allen pulled him out and wouldn’t let him continue. Upon returning to Richmond from university, Edgar Allen Poe was heartbroken to find his girlfriend, Elmira Royster, engaged to another man. He left home once more, this time going to Boston where he published a pamphlet of poems entitled Tamerlane and Other Poems. Some of the poems in this collection allude to his lost Elmira. Edgar Allen Poe had become incredibly poor. Publishing small works did not bring in the amount of money he was accustomed to living with. Because of his lack of money, he decided to join the army under a false name-Edgar A. Perry. When his foster mother died, John Allen purchased for him a release from the army, and helped to get him appointed at a United States Military Academy at West Point. Before leaving for military school, he published Al Aaraaf, Tamerlane, and Minor Poems. Edgar Allen hated military school, and successfully got himself expelled by being absent from all the drills and classes for a straight week. Poe went to New York City briefly after this incident, and then returned to Baltimore where he wrote MS. Found in a Bottle and won $50 for it in a contest. In 1835, he became the editor of the Southern Literary Messenger in Richmond and made a name for himself as a critical reviewer. In his mid-twenties, Poe began to think of m... Free Essays on The Life Of Edgar Allen Poe Free Essays on The Life Of Edgar Allen Poe Edgar Allen Poe was born on January 19, 1809 in Boston to Elizabeth Arnold Poe, an English born actress, and David Poe, Jr., an actor from Baltimore, Maryland. His life was that of most children, until his mother tragically died in 1811. The young Edgar Allen went to live with his godfather, John Allen, and his wife who were childless. From 1815 to 1820, his godfather sent him to England and Scotland to begin his classical education. When he returned to Richmond, Virginia, he studied Greek, Latin, French, Spanish, and Italian. He was bright, but while at university, he gambled so excessively that John Allen pulled him out and wouldn’t let him continue. Upon returning to Richmond from university, Edgar Allen Poe was heartbroken to find his girlfriend, Elmira Royster, engaged to another man. He left home once more, this time going to Boston where he published a pamphlet of poems entitled Tamerlane and Other Poems. Some of the poems in this collection allude to his lost Elmira. Edgar Allen Poe had become incredibly poor. Publishing small works did not bring in the amount of money he was accustomed to living with. Because of his lack of money, he decided to join the army under a false name-Edgar A. Perry. When his foster mother died, John Allen purchased for him a release from the army, and helped to get him appointed at a United States Military Academy at West Point. Before leaving for military school, he published Al Aaraaf, Tamerlane, and Minor Poems. Edgar Allen hated military school, and successfully got himself expelled by being absent from all the drills and classes for a straight week. Poe went to New York City briefly after this incident, and then returned to Baltimore where he wrote MS. Found in a Bottle and won $50 for it in a contest. In 1835, he became the editor of the Southern Literary Messenger in Richmond and made a name for himself as a critical reviewer. In his mid-twenties, Poe began to think of m... Free Essays on The Life Of Edgar Allen Poe Edgar Allen Poe Known today as the father of detective stories and the perfecter of the psychological thriller, Edgar Allan Poe is best known for his poetry and short fiction. Many say he deserves more credit than any other writer for the transformation of the short story from anecdote to art. But what inspired these great works of art? What led him to write such brilliant yet terrifying accounts? Edgar Poe was born January 19, 1809 in Boston Massachusetts. He was the son of an English-born actress, Elizabeth Arnold Poe, and David Poe Jr., an actor from Baltimore. After the death of his mother, he was taken into the home of John Allan, whose name he incorporated with his own, and his wife. From 1815 to 1820, Poe attended a school in England. In 1826, after the Allan’s moved back to America, he entered the University of Virginia. Although a good student, he ran up large gambling debts that Allan refused to pay. Allan prevented his return to the university and broke off Poe's engagement to Sarah Elmira Royster, his Richmond sweetheart. Lacking any means of support, Poe enlisted in the army. On the death of his foster mother, John Allan bought Poe’s release from the Army and got him into the U.S. Military Academy at West Point. It was right before entering the school that Poe published his first book of poetry, titled Tamerlane and Other Poems. He sought expulsion from the school and got just that after not attending for a week. Poe next took up residence in Baltimore with his widowed aunt, Maria Clemm, and her daughter, Virginia, and turned to fiction as a way to support himself. For the next few years, his only bit of luck was winning a $50 prize offered by the Baltimore Saturday Visiter for a story, which he won with â€Å"A MS. Found in a Bottle.† Poe, his aunt, and Virginia moved to Richmond in 1835, and he became editor of the Southern Literary Messenger and married Virginia, who was not yet 14 years old. While there...

Ecological Modernisation as an approach for solving of Environmental Coursework

Ecological Modernisation as an approach for solving of Environmental problems - Coursework Example This study looks into the concept of ecological modernisation started to gain attention in the 1990s. This concept evolved in the industrialised democratic states as a dominant way of addressing environmental policies. It was also aimed at identifying the root causes of these environmental problems and to suggest possible policies or solutions. These environmental problems include global pollution, global warming, Ozone depletion, soil erosion, overpopulation, natural resources’ exploitation, destruction and fragmentation of natural habitats, water crisis, loss of biodiversities etc. These environmental problems are creating adverse effects on health and well-being of human beings. Ecological modernisation has been developed in order to fight against these environmental problems at large. It was also developed to ensure sustainability of natural resources and natural well-being, maintaining environmental justice and preserving the rights and beauty of the nature. The concept o f sustainability or sustainable development considers that the present generation must consume goods and services in such a way that the consumption of these goods and services by the future generation is not hampered. The notion of sustainable development has been used to preserve and conserve natural and environmental resources, mainly non-renewable resources like coal, petroleum etc. Sustainable use of these resources by the present generation can help future generations to acquire benefits from these resources. According to Brundtland Commission, it means ‘meeting the needs of the present without bargaining the capability of future generations to meet their needs (Berger et al., 2001, p.57). The concept of environmental justice deals with the preservation of the nature and natural resources. This paper is aimed at critically assess the importance of ecological modernisation as an appropriate approach for solving environmental problems. Brief history of the concept of ecolo gical modernisation: Since a long time, a conflicting relationship exists between economic development and environmental sustainability. There are conflicting opinions regarding the relationship between economic growth and environmental policies as well. Those people in favour of rapid economic growth and development argue that the policies aimed to act in favour of the environmental protections are creating obstacles against the economic growth of industrialised nations of the world. They have argued that environmental policies like reducing environmental pollution create larger problems for producers to produce goods and services at lowest possible costs and hence, hamper the process of economic development of countries by reducing their national output and national income (Berger et al., 2001, p.56). But the opposite side argues that without proper environmental protection it will be difficult for these industrialised countries to achieve their desired pace of economic growth. Th ey also argue that in the presence of sustained ecological society the pace of economic growth gets accelerated. The need for environmental awareness started at the end of the 1980s and at the beginning of the 1990s, mainly in the industrialised nations of the world. In this time the concept of environmental protection and environmental awareness was seen differently from previous periods. Before this time environmental problems were largely seen as natural phenomena which were beyond the control of human beings. But in this time people started to believe that those environmental problems are largely dependent upon human activities. People also realised that controlled and protected human activities can easily reduce the prevalence of those environmental problems. The main reason for the conceptualized difference was the emergence of a new concept called

Voc wk9 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Voc wk9 - Essay Example The idea of recycling the different steps at different times in a persons life makes sense. The counselor must understand that coming out is an added feature that must be taken into consideration when counseling GLBT individuals. When racial identity is added to the GLBT experience, the counselor must take into consideration to multicultural issues of race that come into play. This would entail the counselor having some multicultural competence. As an example, Arredondo et al (!996, as cited in Capuzzi and Stauffer, 2006) suggest that a counselor must focus on the individuals worldview so they understand the "effects of racism and discrimination" (p. 424) on an individuals decision making. This means that a counselor must understand all of a clients needs when they are GBLT and have a visible racial group. Bowman, S.L. and Evans, G.L. (2006). Career counseling with visibly recognizable racial and ethnic minority groups in Capuzzi, D., and Stauffer, M.D. Career counseling: Foundations, perspectives and applications. 421-444. Whitcomb, D.H., Wettersten, K.B., and Stolz, L.C. (2006). Career counseling with gay, lesbian, bisexual and transgender clients in Capuzzi, D., and Stauffer, M.D. (2006) Career counseling: Foundations, perspectives and applications. 386-420. The two case studies I chose to compare are Marisol, a 41-year old lesbian and Hallie, a 58 year old transsexual. These two women have other issues that would create challenges in their career choices such as age and gender. In both examples the women are relatively new in defining their sexual identity. Marisol came out three years ago. In her case, her partner is a high profile lawyer who has been out longer. Marisol is wrestling with going public to help her partner versus staying in the closet for her job and her children. Hallie is wrestling with discontinuing her work as a drag queen which does not pay as much