INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS FINANCE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS FINANCE - Essay Example A well reputed business will attract a vast pool of franchisees in the foreign land as brand recognition is one of the key advantages that every franchisee is keen to get from a franchise contract. Through franchising an organization can avoid many of the start up problems that it can face in a new country. By having a local person as a franchisee in order to sell its products the organization will be able to gain trust of the people of the new country and it will not feel alienated in a foreign land. Moreover the franchisee may guide the organization to gain recognition in its new market by applying specifically those marketing techniques that correspond to the taste of the general public. Additionally the organization will have a promising return in shape of royalty fees. But franchising also entails some drawbacks as an overseas expansion strategy. Firstly, the organization will face cultural barriers especially the language barrier (if the language of the home country and foreign country are different) while finding a suitable franchisee and then initiating its operations in a new territory. Secondly, the organization personals have to visit the foreign country, and most probably stay there for some time, in order to acquaint themselves with the ground realities and assist the initiation of operations. Thirdly, heavy capital investment will be needed in order to install machineries in new place. Lastly, the organization has to constantly inspect the franchisee operations in order to ensure quality consistency which is the essential characteristic of any franchise. 2. Licensing: licensing can be comparatively a safe mode of expanding overseas in which an organization (the licensor) permits the company (the licensee) in a target market to use its property which is usually intangible e.g. patents, trademarks and production techniques (Quick MBA n.d.). Licensing reduces risk as the licensor produces and markets the product while licensor receives the license fe e. Moreover licensor can get a higher ROI because of its minimum investment. Furthermore licensing is an effective tool to avoid the trade barriers and helps the organization to develop its brand name by familiarizing itself in the foreign country through licensing. But licensing is not without its drawbacks. The licensor does not get mega brand recognition in the new territory because it is not producing the producing but merely extending its name/label to the product. Even more there is a potential danger of knowledge spillovers and licensee may become a competitor in future once the license time period is over. 3. Joint Venture: joint ventures can be defined as "an enterprise in which two or more investors share ownership and control over property rights and operation" (Market Entry Strategies n.d.).While joint venture facilitates the sharing of technology and work load it also ensures financial strength. Joint venture entails medium level of control as both the organizations in it work at the same level and there is no one boss who can dictate the working of joint venture rather it is more about mutual cooperation. It is a very suitable way of entering in a foreign market when the organization wants to create a synergy by combining two teams that have distinct skills and when combined together can produce outstanding results. Joint venture can prove to be an inappropriate way of entering in a new market when the partners in a joint venture can be potential competitors and have same line of products. In these cases join venture

satire 1984 Essay Example for Free

satire 1984 Essay In Nineteen Eighty-four, George Orwell introduces Communism regime through the community of Oceania. Communism is a socioeconomic structure and political ideology that promotes the establishment of an egalitarian, classless, stateless society, and single party control (Wikipedia). Most of party members are proles, working class. They are uneducated and unaware of what is happening; thus they are completely under the Partys control. Therefore, the party then can remove any possibilities of rebellion. Through the novel, Orwell uses satire to warn us about surveillance, physical and psychological intimidation, and isolation. Satire, a mode of writing that exposes the failings of individuals, institutions, or societies to ridicule and scorn. Satire is often an incidental element in literary works that may not be wholly satirical, especially in comedy (answers). Orwell, through the characters, predicts what our future will be like if the totalitarian regime remained in power. SURVEILLANCE: Winston Smith, the main character in the novel, is somehow different than other characters, even though he is a Party member. Since Winston is an intellectual man, he is able to discern the truth from the falsehood; thus he stands against the Party. He resists the party, resists the stifling in his life of being controlled. George Orwell satirizes the surveillance through these facts.   He dreams about a girl ripping off her clothes. It represents the idea of throwing away the shackles that are imposed by the Party and Big Brother.   He writes down with Big Brother in his diary. Now he commits thoughtcrime that he will be captured by the thought police sooner or later.   Telescreens and portraits of Big Brother are everywhere; therefore, it is impossible to not being heard and seen. Party can check on citizens whenever and wherever, since each individual is coded: Smith! screamed the shrewish voice from the telescreen. 6079 Smith W! Yes, you! Bend lower please! You can do better than that (1,3,39) . No one is able to betray the Party. BIG BROTHER IS WATCHING YOU There is no freedom of speech in community of Oceania. An example to this fact is Winston. He is incapable of expressing his personal ideas about the Party. Moreover, Winston is unable to quit his job when he does not like it, and he is not allowed to keep any personal documents. George Orwell is clearly worried about our lack of privacy. Orwell predicts that our future will be governed by one ruler and that one ruler will watch every move we make. He worries about the future where we do not have freedoms. For example is freedom of speech which is impossible in some communism country. Physical, psychological intimidation and manipulation Through the main characters in the novel, George Orwell satirizes the physical, psychological intimidation, and manipulation of nazi regime and the Russian revolution. In the society of Oceania love, sex, joy, happiness, personal documents, thoughts, etc, are completely forbidden. The Morning exercise is a good example for physical manipulation. Winston lives in the world in which legitimate optimism is impossible because he is always being controlled by the thought police.   Moreover, anyone who betrays the Party will be vaporized and their files will be rewritten, that is Winstons job to rewrite historical documents. They never existed and will never exist. In nineteen eighty-four, there should be no religion but the idea of Sacred Leader. Since, Winston writes down God is power( he is tortured again. On the other hand, Big Brother represents god; everyone worships him. In the beginning of the novel, the two minutes hate is introduced to the reader, which is somehow a public worship of Big Brother.   George Orwell also explores the use of language to control peoples mind and thoughts. Dont you see that the whole aim of Newspeak is to narrow the range of thoughts? In the end it will make thoughtcrime impossible, because there will be no words in which to express (1,5,55) 2+2=5 is a symbol of manipulation of science. The Party has the power to control everything even science. The truth is wrong when the Party says it wrong   Sexual life is totally forbidden under the Partys control. Winstons wife considers sex as a duty for a Party. She does not get any pleasure out of it.   Julia, a young apathetic and rebellious girl, grows up under the Party regime. The society that she lives in is based on suspicion, spying, fear, hatred and intimidation. Julia obeys the Party but she does not believe in it, but she is way different from her lover Winston. Julia is somewhat selfish. She is interested in rebelling only for the pressures to be gained. Whereas Winston is fatalistic concerned about large-scale social issues, Julia is pragmatic and content live in the moment that makes the best for her life. Junior Spy is a symbol of educational manipulation in which very young children are brainwashed to embrace the Partys ideas. There are a lot of similarities between the Hitler Youth and Oceanias youth. The kids are taught to ferret out disloyal members and denounce anyone who criticizes the Party or Big Brother even their own parents. In the beginning of the novel, when Winston meets the Parsons Kids; they are dressed in the uniform of the Spies with a tough looking. Suddenly they leap around him shouting traitor. Later on, Mr. Parsons, Winstons comrade, gets caught because his little daughter listens at the keyhole and hears he sleeptalks Down with Big Brother. The two Parsons Kids beg their parents for take them to see the hanging. Activities for boys include War game which intends to toughen them up. In a few years they will hold real weapons not riffle toys.   In the beginning of the novel, OBrien appears as a rebellious man who Winston suspects of him secretly opposing the Party. In fact, he is a powerful member of inner Party, and he tricks Winston into believing that he is a member of a revolution group called Brotherhood. Later, OBrien appears in Winstons jail cell as a party member to abuse and brainwash disloyal Winston. He admits that he pretended to be connected to the Brotherhood merely to trap Winston. In the end, OBrien successfully changes Winstons feeling toward Big Brother from hate to love. Orwell is again scared of physical and mind manipulation. He is worried that people will be control physically by propaganda, for example Junior Spy in the novel or the Physical Jerk. Moreover, Orwell predicts about how people are brainwashed by the Party, and his predictions come true. Nowadays, in some communism countries, for example Vietnam, every Party member are not allowed have religion, and then they will love the party most. ISOLATION: Through the character Winston and Goldstein, Orwell satires the isolation in human nature and totalitarianism society.   Isolation appears often in the novel. Winston lives alone at his house with no companionship except the surveillance cameras and the telescreens. He has a world of his own only in his head. He cant have a social life because the party forbids any means of social communication. He writes in his diary because that is his only way of expressing his feelings and thoughts even though its considered thoughtcrime. Every person in the novel is isolated from the community; they can not have any open conversation with themselves. Goldstein represents Trotsky in real life. He stands against the party thus he is expelled from the party and sent out of the country. After Goldstein becomes a scapegoat of the Party, and he is brought up in Two Minutes Hate. George Orwell brings up the idea of isolation in the novel. He is afraid that the next generation will have the isolated life if the totalitarianism regime remains. Bibliography http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Communist , 11 January 2009 http://www. answers. com/satire , 11 January 2009 Spender, Stephen. Evil In Nineteen Eighty-Four. Harold Bloom, editor. George Orwells Nineteen Eighty-Four. USA: Chelsea House Publisher, 1996 Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Miscellaneous section.

Microwave Ovens :: essays research papers

Microwaves are low on the electromagnetic spectrum. The electromagnetic spectrum is a range of all the possible electric radiation. Frequency of a wave is the number of waves per second and the frequency of a microwave is between 300 MHz and 300 GHz. The wavelength of a wave is the distance from one peak of a wave to the peak of a following wave and a wavelength of a microwave varies from one millimeter to thirty centimeters. The frequencies range from ultra high frequency to super high frequency to extremely high frequency. The microwave was discovered by Heinrich Hertz and predicted by James Clerk Maxwell. In 1864, James Clerk Maxwell theorized about microwaves until he predicted equations that would prove the existence of microwaves. In 1888, Heinrich Hertz took these equations and used them in an experiment. He made an apparatus that produced waves and detected these waves. The experiment displayed the different wavelengths of certain waves, such as the short wavelength of microw aves. The discovery of microwaves permitted it to be used for commercial purposes. Microwave ovens are the best example of a commercial usage of microwaves. Microwave ovens use microwaves at a frequency of 2450 MHz. The Microwaves travel and cause the water, fat, and sugars to vibrate resulting in the food’s temperature rising. This type of energy is called Dielectric energy. This benefits the food making process and anyone who buys TV dinners. Another instance of microwaves is cell phones. Cell phones use an antenna and a little transmitter to connect to the microwaves emitted in the air. To make cell phones more attractive for buyers, they minimized the transmitters and antennas. The microwaves used in phones make it possible for a person to receive calls from any location, this is especially important in emergencies. Broadcasting transmissions, such as cable TV and the Internet, use microwaves to transmit the signal in order to broadcast. These two sources that use microwaves permit faster communication between all areas of the world. These two sources th at use microwaves are the most popular ways of entertainment for most of the United States. The commercial industry benefits from these products that use microwaves. Current studies prove indecisive about the effects of microwaves. Microwave ovens can cause damage to the eyes. If a person were to press their face on the microwave oven, it can cause cataracts in the eyes. The best advice to protect against this effect is to stay a couple feet away according to Dr.

Practical Brief Essay

My practical will be a title sequence for a fly-on-the-wall documentary based on the lives of Londoners. The title sequence will last approximately 40-50 seconds and will include typical conventions for a documentary. I will be working in a group of three and am going to be responsible for the camera work and filming. There are several codes and conventions I need to include in my title sequence to fulfil the audience’s expectations. Shots of London signposts and famous landmarks will be shown to set location and give a clear indication of where the documentary is set. Several shots of people looking very glamorous will be shown to represent the luxurious lives these Londoners are supposedly living. This relates to the ‘Empirical Method’ that suggests that the audience are active participants in transaction with the media. They watch such shows for diversion, personal relationships, personal identity and surveillance. Audiences have a great enjoyment in watching the lives of others and a desire to be something there not (want of a better life) and the curiosity of watching how other people live their lives as a way of comparing your life and relationships to theirs. This documentary would be targeted at mainly females, as I believe they are seen to have more of a desire for a glamorous and luxurious lifestyle. A wide range of social grades would find a documentary of this kind appealing, as those who live lives nothing like this would find this interesting because of curiosity and a wish to live a dream life. Whilst those who live similar lifestyles would be interested to see how they are portrayed and seen be others. This would especially appeal to that of a lower social grade (c1, c2), as this is a very idealistic way of living that they would all aspire to live. Shots of very classy shops (such as Harrods), places to eat and hotels will be presented to give the audience a taste of what they are going to see and also what to expect from these London lives. A couple of the shots will include the typical documentary technique ‘wobbly camera’, i.e. walking through a busy street. This will represent the following of the lives of ‘normal’ people in London. This will not only give the audience a taste of what is to come but also assure the audience that what they are seeing is real and gives a sense of actuality. The only written code that will be used in my title sequence is the title of the documentary, which will also be portrayed as a logo and something to recognise and link the documentary with in the future. Extreme close ups will be used on a couple of shots to focus the audiences attention on a certain things i.e. diamond necklace or fancy cars. Wallpaper shots will be used to show the busy streets of London and capture stereotypical associations with London i.e. red buses and black taxis as well as capturing people of London walking through the streets. This will show to the audience that the documentary really is taking place in London and therefore the rest of the documentary will seem more believable. Also some of the shots of the Londoners will be taken at a low angle to represent status and make these people appear important, raising an enigma and making the audience want to carry on watching to find out what is so good about their lives. The duration of most shots will last 2 or 3 seconds and will be fairly fast moving to match the audio and feeling of the title sequence. The sequence will begin with a London signpost to set location and then cut to the famous landmarks i.e. London Eye, Canary Wharf, then there will be various shots of the people and places in London. The audio that will be used over the title sequence will be high-tempo to match with the busy atmosphere and lives of the city. To capture these shots I intend to include in this documentary, I will go into London and film the people, famous landmarks and way of the city. I hope to capture the idealistic way of living through typical shots that represent a rich and glamorous lifestyle and use typical documentary techniques i.e. wobbly camera to present these shots as reality.

Human Rights and Guantanamo Essay

In 2004, the Supreme Court ruled that Guantanamo Bay detainees, most of whom have been held in the camp for years, may challenge their detention at the camp in American federal courts. (Medrano, 2006) While this is good news, at the onset this revealed a major flaw in the years-long operation of Camp Delta, the US prison camp in Guantanamo—the violation of basic human rights, a major ethical concern not only in Guantanamo but all over the world.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A typical cell at Guantanamo, sources say, is like a prison cell in the US, with the standard clothing and toiletries. Because most detainees are Muslims, each cell comes with a Koran, prayer beads, and an arrow pointing to Mecca. Each day even begins with a Muslim call to prayer. (Camp Delta: Guantanamo Bay, 2004) So where is human right violation here?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Human rights dictate that every prisoner has the right to remain silent, undergo a fair trial, be given the basic necessities in life, be protected against all forms of abuse, be able to exercise religious freedom, and be presumed innocent until proven guilty, among others. These are things that are mostly not enjoyed by the inmates at Guantanamo. To begin with, detainees at Camp Delta have been incarcerated there for years without undergoing trial. Most of them have been picked up from the streets, majority from Afghanistan. Some were turned over or pointed at as terrorists in exchange of the dollar rewards. Secondly, torture and physical abuse have been reported. Suicide cases were also existent. Thirdly, prisoners are virtually living in solitude, having no rights to family visit or to live communally. They are also not entitled to exercise the right to remain silent. On the contrary, they are interrogated everyday each week for hours by the military. These after the government branded the detainees enemy combatants but not prisoners of war. Thus, the detainees were deemed to be not entitled by he provisions of the Geneva Convention. But this was reversed in 2006, when a decision was made that the detainees are entitled with full protection of the Geneva Convention, changing the fate of the hundreds left at Guantanamo Bay camp. (Sources: Rights pledge for Guantanamo detainees, 2006)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Ethics dictate that human rights should be followed and respected by everyone, towards everyone. Whether terrorists or not, these detainees are entitled to fair and proper treatment by their captors including such time that they are proven innocent and released, or proven guilty and elevated to a higher penalty. But the discussion of whether the treatment of the prisoners at Camp Delta, Guantanamo Bay is right or wrong is highly subjective, and because self expression is a human right it is worth to respect every person’s view on the situation. However, the years of struggle for freedom by the prisoners in this prison camp in Cuba are all justifiable.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   If we look at the issue in light of utilitarianism, we will be given the two sides of the coin. The first side is that of the people who are benefited by operation of Camp Delta and many other US prison camps all over the world. In this side, the inhumane treatment of the prisoners is right because it benefits them—makes them happy. It makes them happy because they are able to champion their country and their government against people who plotted against terrorism in the United States. It makes them happy because they are doing something noble and worthwhile. It makes them happy that they are getting even with people who may have played a part in the killing of many terror victims in the 9/11 attacks and many other terror attacks around the world. If they stop operating Camp Delta and close it down, it will reverse their emotions and give them the negative perception in return. This impending feeling of sadness makes shutting down Camp Delta wrong, as the utilitarian will say.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   On the other hand, the situation does not make the hundreds of prisoners and their families happy. Their negative (sad) perception of the situation makes it wrong, as utilitarianism claims that whatever results in the reverse of happiness is wrong.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Psychological egoism agrees. It asserts that a person’s ultimate aim is one’s own welfare. It may appear that psychological egoism speaks about selfishness. The theory says that in fact people are always thinking about their own means and ends all the time. This can be seen with the Guantanamo prison case in hand clearly. In the Guantanamo Bay camp, self welfare was always on cue. Many situations in many news reports and coverage insist on the truth behind this theory in Camp Delta, and egoism was practiced by the authorities and the prisoners alike. Every guard, prisoner, officer, and all others act according to what will benefit themselves and their welfare more. While military personnel may be there for the service of the country, the government, and the countrymen that they are representing, it can also be claimed safely that they are there for the benefits that being a military person gives them and their family. The prisoners may say that they are innocent because they are really innocent, or because they fear that they will be killed if they say something or establish a connection with terrorism. Likewise, the real terrorists may admit what they know and give information for hopes of being freed or being treated more humanely. All of them are acting towards what they think will result in a more positive state for themselves. For instance, the suicide attempt of some prisoners is a result of their desire for a better state. They feel that they are in such a bad situation in the Guantanamo camp that death, be it self-inflicted, is the way out for them to achieve a better life than what they are receiving in prison. Reports saying that prisoners who cooperate and state information about terrorism are given special rights to live communally though under strict control are another reflection: prisoners may be revealing information to receive the privilege. The guards are in turn giving the privilege to encourage the prisoners to speak up, and because they want the information. There were also cases that have been reported where prisoners are given cups for good manners and cooperation, but many prisoners used these cups to throw urine or stool to guards; guards were quick in disciplining these prisoners in return. (Camp Delta: Guantanamo Bay, 2004) In light of psychological egoism, the action and reaction of both the guards and prisoners were theoretically correct as they aim for the welfare of themselves. The prisoners feel maligned, and they wanted to get even. They do this by throwing the cup of their waste to the guards. In return, the guards feel maligned too and will take an action to take control over the prisoners and their action, be it physical or psychological abuse. A matter of pride, and they are all results of one’s desire to save his own welfare. In this light, the action-reaction chain ongoing at Guantanamo are all legitimate and justifiable. So in totality, can the treatment of the detainees at Camp Delta be concluded as inhumane? Are they really not exercising human rights there at Guantanamo Bay? Again, at first thought, yes and no. The answer depends on who is answering the question. A person who values national security and justice for terrorism victims more will rejoice over events at Guantanamo Bay. On the other hand, a person who values parity and human rights more will most likely be moved by the events at Camp Delta and be dismayed. However, two philosophical theories assert that what is happening out there in Camp Delta, Guantanamo Bay is wrong and worth one’s dismay. Kantian deontology states that right and wrong is determined by action, so an action is right or wrong regardless of its consequences. The ends do not and cannot justify the means. In a scenario or situation, an assessment of the situation itself is needed to know if it is right or wrong, and even if it made for the positive end if it is wrong it remains wrong. Likewise, a right move despite the negative end still remains right. In the case of treating the Guantanamo prisoners without regard for human rights, it should be assessed if the treatment is right. Ethically speaking, it is wrong because it violates and gives no regard to human rights. Sure, the treatment of these prisoners may lead to useful information about terror attacks and may help combat terrorism altogether. Sure it may promote world peace. Sure it will bring justice to terrorism victims. But all these do not matter—the violation of human rights is ethically wrong.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In light of virtue ethics, Camp Delta is treating its prisoners inhumanely. The government and its guards set aside patience and humility and hurt people without concrete evidences that these people have anything to do with the terror plots and attacks. The concern for security and to aid the nation’s injured pride for having been targeted by many successful terrorist attacks overshadowed the value of the human person, and that of brotherhood.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Utilitarianism states that the events at Camp Delta in Guantanamo Bay Cuba is right and wrong depending on which side of the fence a person is in, and if the events make him happy or not. Psychological egoism seconds this, as a person values himself and aims to protect his welfare. On the contrary, Kantian deontology and virtue ethics state that the prisoners at Camp Delta are indeed being maltreated because, primarily, the action itself is wrong and despite the arguments on expected positive results it is still wrong. Second, the actions against the prisoners act against established virtues. But philosophy and theories aside, ethics dictate that prisoners be treated with respect and be given due process. If the authorities can do this, the majority will be happy, egoism takes its course positively, actions will be deemed proper, and virtues will not be violated—and there will be no argument about human rights violations at Guantanamo, or anywhere else, ever. References: Camp Delta: Guantanamo Bay. 2004. Retrieved March 31, 2007, from http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2003/09/16/60II/main573616.shtml Medrano, M. 2006. Supreme Court Rejects Appeal of Guantanamo Bay Detainees. Retrieved March 31, 2007, from http://abcnews.go.com/US/LegalCenter/story?id=1851981&page=1 Sources: Rights pledge for Guantanamo detainees. 2006. Retrieved March 31, 2007, from http://edition.cnn.com/2006/LAW/07/11/guantanamo.geneva/index.html

Hate Crimes in New York

Hate Crimes in New York Summary Under the assessment of the problem, the problem that is under investigation will be identified and discussed (hate crimes in New York) in detail by examining the various facts and information available on the problem. Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Hate Crimes in New York specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The historical time line of the project will also be discussed where the events that provided a background to the problem will be identified and explained. Quantitative information will also be used to provide a more realistic description of the problem. The policies that are available to deal with the problem will also be identified and highlighted within the research paper to determine their effectiveness in dealing with the problem under study. The literature review section of the paper will involve analyzing the various sources of literature that contain information on the problem. The literature revi ew will involve assessing reports, publications, articles, journals and scholarly books to gain more information on the topic. The stakeholder analysis section of this research paper will involve identifying the various clients and stakeholders of the research information. These are the people who will be affected by the research findings and who will be responsible in implementing the policies designed to deal with the problem. The stakeholders are also the clients of the study’s outcomes. Option specification will involve identifying 3 to 5 options that can be used to remedy the problem at hand. Each of these options will be designed to include a change to the policy that has been used in dealing with the problem. The options will be discussed in a table format where the changes that are involved will be highlighted as well as the people responsible for implementing the change. The general view of the stakeholders will also be determined to see if they agree to the change s in policy. The option analysis section will deal with a five step basic assessment of the options outlined in the option specification stage. The first step will involve conducting a political feasibility to determine whether there is stakeholder consensus or opposition to the plan. Advertising Looking for essay on public administration? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More An administrative feasibility assessment will also be conducted to determine whether there will be any complexities during the implementation of the plan as well as legal constraints. The financial feasibility assessment will be conducted to determine whether any expenditures or savings will be derived from the options chosen to change the policy. Equity will involve determining the fairness of the options selected in dealing with those affected by the problem while effectiveness will determine whether the selected options or option will achieve the desired results. Once the five step basic assessment has been conducted, a suitable recommendation will be selected to deal with the problem. Introduction The purpose of this project will be to focus on the topic of hates crimes in the state of New York which has been on the increase and how these hate crimes can be reduced through the formulation of effective policies. Hate crimes are any acts of violence or discrimination that are directed towards an individual believed to belong to a certain social group or society which can be a religious group, an ethnic society, a political affiliation or a sexual orientation group (Bell, 2002: Bowling, 2003). Hate crimes usually involve physical violence, assault or damage to property and any other form of violence that is directed to an individual that belongs to any of the above mentioned groups. Hate crimes are a serious offence as they cause a lot of psychological trauma to the people who are victims of this form of violence (Jacobs P otter, 1998). The NYS Division of Criminal Justice Services defines hate crimes as any criminal acts that involve violence, intimidation and destruction of property based on biasness and prejudice of an individual believed to be from a minority group. The NYS law stipulates that a person is guilty of committing a hate crime when they intentionally intimidate or persecute a person based on their religion and religious practices, race, color, gender, disability or sexual orientation. A person is also guilty of committing a hate crime when they intentionally commit the act with the full knowledge or belief of the victim’s religion, gender, disability, ethnic background, sexual orientation and color (New York State, 2003).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Hate Crimes in New York specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The current laws and policies in place to deal with hate crimes have mostly focused on defining the spe cific acts that constitute hate crimes, defining perpetrators of hates crimes under the penalty-enhancement laws and creating distinct civil actions that are meant to deal with hate crimes (Spodek, 2010). In the United States, the laws that are in place to deal with hate crimes mostly focus on persecuting people who are found guilty of committing hate crimes on individuals perceived to be from a different religion, nation, sexual orientation, gender or race. Hate crimes are a criminal offence in all of the states of America and the penalties that are usually served to hate crime perpetrators are usually very severe (Schwartz, 2006). Clients of the Research The purpose of this policy analysis will be to analyze and assess hate crimes in New York and the policy framework that has been instituted by the state of New York to address the escalating cases of hate crimes in the state. The information gathered from this policy analysis is meant to provide important data to the various gov ernment and state agencies within New York that are involved in human rights and hate crime awareness campaigns that will enable them to react to the growing cases of hate crimes directed towards minority groups. The information garnered from this study will also be useful in helping government agencies such as the Office of the Governor of New York and the Mayor to formulate important policies that are meant to deal with hate crimes in New York and the United States in general Role of the Researcher As an independent analyst contracted by the state of New York to assess the policies that exist on hate crimes, my role in the policy analysis process will be to analyze the various facts, findings, discussions and literature that exist on hate crimes in the state of New York and also carry out an assessment of the problem under study by looking at the various actions that lead to the increase of hate crimes in New York. The role of the policy analyst will also be to gain vital quanti tative data on the problem under assessment by reviewing various statistics and reports that have been done on hate crimes in the state of New York. By reviewing important statistical information, the analyst will be able to provide useful facts that will shade more light on hate crimes and the victims of hate crimes in the state of New York.Advertising Looking for essay on public administration? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Action Forcing Event of the Research The action forcing event that has formed the foundation for this research is the increasing prevalence of hate crimes in the state of New York. A hate crime that occurred in 2008 that was a cause of alarm for many statesmen in New York was the attack of two Ecuadorian brothers, Jose Sucuzhanay and Romel Sucuzhanay on December 8, 2008. The perpetrators of the Ecuadorian attack were anti-gay and anti-Hispanic racists who attacked the two brothers because they were Hispanics and they also believed that they were gay. The attack which took place in Brooklyn ended with Jose Sucuzhanay losing his life five days after being admitted in hospital. This attack together with other hate crimes that occurred the following year showed the escalating cases of hate crime in the state of New York (Division of Human Rights, 2009). Assessment of the Problem According to Fetzer (2010), hate crimes have increased in New York by 14 percent between 2008 and 2009 comp ared to the previous year’s reported cases of hate crimes. Most of these hate crimes according to Fetzer have been directed towards members of the Jewish community, homosexuals, African-Americans and people from the Hispanic community. According to the study, the number of hate crimes that were reported to the New York State Police in 2009 amounted to 683 with the most common violent acts being intimidation and vandalism/destruction of property. In 2008, the number of hate crimes reported to the state authorities totaled 599 with the most common targets being members from religious groups, ethnic communities and sexual orientation groups. These figures are in sharp contrast with the hate crimes reported in 2007 which totaled 493 cases that were directed towards members of a different ethnic race, religion sexual orientation, ethnicity and disability. In 2007, religious groups had the highest number of hate crime offenses when compared to 2008 statistics which showed that ha te crimes were committed against people of a different ethnic race or nationality (Fetzer, 2010). Problem Definition In the state of New York, hate crimes mostly occur because of the social differences and prejudices that exist within the society where the country’s most populous state has citizens that practice different lifestyles and ways of living (Gerstenfeld, 2011). The growing number of ethnic communities in the state has also contributed to the high number of hate crime incidences in New York. The remarkable diversity that is being experienced in New York has presented a major challenge for both the local authorities and citizens of the state as a result of the many ethnic groups and societies that live within the state. This has created a situation where many of these groups want their needs to be catered for at the expense of average New York citizens (Levin Amster, 2007). Historical Timeline and Background of the Problem The history of hate crimes in New York mos tly has its background in the racial discrimination that many African-American and Hispanic communities faced in the early 20th century. Racial discrimination becomes a form of hate crime especially when it becomes violent and harmful. Many African-Americans faced a lot of discrimination during the 19th and 20th century which was demonstrated by slavery and violent acts on colored people. These violent acts were mostly mob beatings, rapes, violent attacks and assaults on people who had African origins. Such discrimination paved the way for hate crimes in the United States where the same ethnic group continued to be attacked and assaulted because of the color of their skin (Tynes et al, 2009). To respond to hate crimes in the state of New York, Governor George Pataki signed a piece of legislation known as the New York Hate Crimes Act in 2000 which was enacted in the same year to deal with the growing cases of bias or prejudice-based hate crimes in the state. Under the Hate Crimes Act, people who discriminated against others because of their color, race, gender or sexual orientation were termed to be hate crime offenders who were subject to prosecution by the State of New York. The act specified the type of punishment hate crime offenders would be subjected to if they were found to guilty of committing hate crimes. The Hate Crimes Act also specified the type of crimes that were considered to be hate crimes or bias motivated crimes committed against the members of a protected minority group. Despite this being the only law used to deal with hate crimes in New York, it marked the beginning of government initiatives in the state of New York to deal with hate crimes (Kristi, 2010). Quantitative Information about the Problem The trend of hate crimes against members of minority groups such as homosexuals, African-Americans, the Jewish, Hispanics and disabled people continued to increase during the end of the 20th century and the beginning of 20th century where man y states in America recorded high incidences of hate crimes against people of different ethnic orientation. These incidences were mostly common in urban and socially diverse societies that hosted a variety of socially oriented individuals from different ethnic communities and societies (Herek et al, 1998). According to data released by the Uniform Crime Reports (UCR) the incidence of hate crime began to escalate or increase in the year 2000 where 450 more cases of hate crimes were reported to have been committed against homosexuals and 1500 more cases of hate crimes were reported to have occurred in members of a different ethnic race (Shively, 2005). This increase in ethnic motivated hate crimes continued to increase over eight years where according to data released by the Division of Criminal Justice in New York in 2008, hate crime offenses committed against people of a different ethnic race recorded a higher percentage increase of 14% when compared to crimes committed against t he other groups which fall under the protected minority groups (Fetzer, 2009). Policies on Hate Crime Most of the hate crime legislature and policies in existence today within the US were developed after the Civil War to deal with the colorblind system of justice and inequality of ethnic communities during that time. Statutes such as Section 241 and 242 were incorporated into the US constitution to deal with individuals who had perpetrated hate crimes on other people. Some of the acts and policies that fall under these statutes include the first Hate Crimes Prevention Act, the Hate Crimes Sentencing Enhancement Act, the Hate Crimes Statistics Act and the Church Arson Prevention Act which was meant to prevent racial attacks on Black American churches (Streissguth, 2009). Many states in the US have implemented policies to deal with hate crimes and other acts of discrimination that are identified to be hate crimes. While these policies differ from state to state, their main focus is o n punishing offenders of hate crimes who are deemed to be criminal perpetrators by the American law (Cogan, 2002). Many law enforcement agencies in the US have designed and developed policies that are meant to deal with hate crimes in the various states (Gerstenfeld Grant, 2004). In New York, various hate crime policies have been formulated to deal with various forms of discrimination, vandalism, assault or violent attacks on women (Jenness, 2003), disabled persons or people believed to be from different social groups and communities. The state has incorporated a hate crime statute under the Hate Crimes Bill H.R. 2647 that is meant to deal with hate crimes committed against its citizens who are either Americans or Non-Americans. The statute developed by the New York State Division of Human Rights to address any violent, discriminate and socially biased acts committed against the socially diverse citizens of the state (Division of Human Rights, 2009). The Hate Crimes Act of 2000 is the main statute and law that is used by the state of New York to deal with hate crimes and hate crime offenses against people believed to be from a protected minority group in America. The Hate Crimes Act of 2000 was enacted into law in 2000 by Governor George Pataki to address the increases cases of hate crimes that were taking place in the state at an escalating rate. During its first year of enactment, the Hate Crimes Act was able to bring down the incidences of hate crimes committed against people of a different sexual orientation, ethnicity, religious affiliation and gender based on a 2002 report released by the Uniform Crime Reports organization (Shively, 2005). While hate crimes still persisted in New York, the act was able to provide law enforcement agencies with the ability to persecute people found guilty of committing hate crime offenses in the state. Literature Review Nature of the Problem There has been a dramatic increase in hate crime literature and research whic h has contributed in part to government collection programs and statistics that contain qualitative and quantitative information on hate crimes. The nature of hate crimes in New York is mostly characterized by the type of people targeted by hate crimes and also how the crimes are perpetuated. For example in 2008, there was an escalating case of hate crimes committed on people from certain ethnic communities, sexual orientation groups and religious groups within the state. Some of these hate crimes included the brutal attack of a Muslim teenager in 2008 by four American teenagers, the stabbing of an Ecuadorian immigrant, Marcelo Lucero by a mob of teenagers in Long Island looking for Latinos to beat up, the shooting of a transgender woman by a perpetrator who thought she was gay and the violent attack of two Ecuadorian brothers in Brooklyn by three anti-gay and anti-Hispanic men (Division of Human Rights, 2009). In the case of the Muslim teenager, the perpetrators were anti-Obama a s they shouted Obama while beating up the teenager with a baseball bat. The perpetrators in the stabbing of the Ecuadorian immigrant were teenagers who were discriminative of Latinos or people of Hispanic descent as they had said they were driving around Patchogue looking for Latinos to beat up. In the case of Latiesha Green, a transgender woman, the perpetrator shot her because he thought that she was gay. This mistaken identity was mostly attributed to the fact that she was sitting inside a car with her brother. The perpetrators of the Ecuadorian attack were anti-gay and anti-Hispanic racists who attacked the two brothers because they were Hispanics and they also believed that they were gay (Division of Human Rights, 2009). These alarming incidences of hate crimes demonstrate that the problem is escalating in the State of New York and that there is an urgent need to impose restrictions and measures that will ensure hate crimes are dealt with in New York. According to Perry (2003 ), the long term nature of hate crimes is that it never tends to stop unless the relevant authorities stop it through the implementation of effective interventions. Perry notes that the nature of these crimes usually ends in the loss of a life, property, income and the emotional destruction of a person’s well-being. The perpetrators of these crimes initially tend to instill fear in their victims and force them to leave or adapt to the normal way of life (Hall 2005). In response to the increasing cases of hate crimes against people of a different sexual orientation, race, religion and color, the New York State Division of Human Rights established a Hate Crimes Task Force (HCTF) in January 2009 to respond to the escalating cases of bias-motivated crimes in the State of New York. The purpose of this task force was to develop effective interventions that would be used to prevent hate crimes in New York as well as increase the awareness levels of New Yorkers to enable them build tolerance to all members of the society (Division of Human Rights, 2009). The Gay and Lesbian Alliance against Defamation (GLAAD) and the Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender (LGBT) community in the Bronx area of New York have conducted outreach and awareness campaigns on the need to live harmoniously within the New York society (Grautski, 2010). The state of California has also been able to establish a hate crimes taskforce through a joint collaboration with the FBI office located in Riverside County and the Riverside County Sheriff’s Department in California. The hate crimes task force which was formed in 2003 was meant to address the escalating cases of hate crimes in the Los Angeles and Riverside Counties of California by enabling the local FBI to have more investigative depth when it came to investigating hate crimes in the state. One notable achievement of the task force was the arrest of 18 white supremacists who were in possession of guns, ammunition and Nazi pa raphernalia (FBI, 2006). Another state in America that has recorded high incidences of hate crimes is the state of Massachusetts which has established a hate crimes task force known as the Governor’s Task Force on Hate Crimes. This task force was created by Governor William Weld and it was later given a permanent status by Governor Paul Cellucci in 1998. The task force was meant to address hate crimes in the state of Massachusetts by creating awareness of what constitutes hate crimes in public schools and communities (Commonwealth of Massachusetts, 2007). The state of New Jersey has also recorded high incidences of hate crimes mostly committed against homosexuals and lesbians. The National Gay and Lesbian Task Force Foundation was established in 2006 to deal with the rising cases of homophobic attacks committed against members of the lesbian community (National Gay and Lesbian Task Force, 2006). Other states that have developed hate crimes taskforces and committees to deal with the rising cases of hate crimes include the Tennessee Equality Project Foundation which helps the victims and families of hate crimes by offering them with protection and justice against hate crime perpetrators (TEP, 2011) and the Northern District of Texas Hate Crimes Task Force which was established by the state of Texas in collaboration with the civil rights working group in the area to deal with the awareness of communities in Dallas, Texas on hate crime offenses (FBI Dallas, 2011). State of Scholarly Knowledge and Research While there has been a long history of criminal literature that has mainly focused on bigotry and bias as aspects of crime, the study of hate crime began to receive some substantial frequency during the past recent years. The study of hate crime has increased from the occasional research work conducted during the 1980s by criminal researchers such as Finn and McNeil (1988) and Weiss and Ephross (1989) to a steady flow of studies, reports and quantitati ve data that has characterized many 21st century criminologists such as Berk et al (2003), Barnes and Ephross (1994), Dharmapala (2004), Boeckmann and Turpin (2002) and Kuehnle and Sullivan (2001). The various bodies of research that exist on hate crimes have outlined the various causes and consequences of hate crimes to be caused by social prejudices and societal indifferences where the original citizens of the society are not willing to adopt the styles of living of any new social or ethnic group (Craig, 2002). Other causes of hate crimes have been caused by the non-conformity to societal values and beliefs where new citizens to the society refuse to change their ways of living to suit the present society’s views and values (Craig, 2003). Economic and financial problems have also been a major contributor to the occurrence of hate crimes where the citizens of a particular society struggle to utilize the scarce resources that exist with that society (Perry, 2003). Moderniza tion and urbanization have also contributed in a large way to the various forms of hate crimes that mostly occur in highly urbanized and populous areas such as New York (Green et al, 2003: McPhail, 2002). The major conclusions that have been derived from hate crime studies conducted by Rayburn et al (2003), Steen and Cohen (2004) and Shively et al (2001) are that hate crimes are more prevalent than what has been reported in criminal investigations and government reports. This means that the majority of hate crime victims do not report any violent attacks and assaults to the police or any state agencies that deal with human rights. The conclusions of hate crime studies have also shown that hate crimes have a serious and negative consequence on the victims of these crimes who eventually suffer from psychological trauma (Flint, 2004). The research work has also concluded that the perpetrators of hate crimes are usually individuals who belong to certain extremist groups that are guide d by certain beliefs and values which they deem to be acceptable to the other members of the society (Shively, 2005). The theories that have been postulated to explain hate crimes include the behavioral and social sciences such as the personality theories where the various personalities and characteristics of people are analyzed to determine their behavior towards other people (Johnson Byers, 2003). The personality theories have proved to be important in determining the behavioral characteristics of individuals who commit hate crimes. Some of the personality theories have identified people who are aggressive in nature and also authoritative are more than likely to engage in hate crimes. Other theories that have been used to discuss the causes of hate crimes are the social and behavioral theories which mostly focus on the modernization of societies around the world and how members of these modern societies react to foreigners or groups that do not display similar tendencies and beh avior (Rose Mechanic, 2002). According the various studies that have been conducted on hate crime in the US, many states have implemented government-sponsored hate crime initiatives that involve the local justice and law enforcement agencies. Apart from government initiatives, various states have implemented statutes that are meant to protect their citizens against any hate crimes (Franklin, 2002). Washington and Oregon were the first states in America to enact hate crime statutes that were meant to persecute any perpetrators of hate crimes in those states. This paved the way for the other states in the country to enact statutes that would be used to deal with hate crimes directed towards religious groups, sexual orientation groups, political affiliation groups and disabled persons (Anti-Defamation League, 2003). Stakeholder Analysis Key Influential Players The six key influential players and organizations in the State of New York that have a direct impact on the formulation of ha te crime statutes, policies and laws include the Division of Human Rights, the Governor of the state of New York, the Hates Crime Task Force, law enforcement agencies and the Division of Criminal Justice (Division of Human Rights, 2009). The NYS Division of Human Rights in New York deals with the prosecution of offenders who have been found to engage in unlawful discriminatory practices against people of a protected minority group. The decision characteristics that are used by the Division of Human Rights in prosecuting hate crime offenders include the race, origin or ethnicity of the hate crime victims, the sexual orientation of the victims and their religious affiliations (Muslims, Islamists, Protestants and Jews). The Division of Human Rights usually receives, investigates and resolves any complaints of racial discrimination based on these characteristics (DHR, 2010). The key figure charged with the operation of DHR is the commissioner of the organization who is currently Galen Kirkland. He has developed a vocal stand against hate crimes by speaking against any form of discrimination or bias motivated attacks that have been done on people from a protected minority group. He has made his opinions clear about hate crimes by publicly responding to hate crime assaults that have been committed on minority groups within the state of New York. Kirkland publicly spoke out against the perpetrators of hate crime when he commented on the sentencing of Dwight DeLee, a hate crime perpetrator who killed a transgender woman, Lateisha Green, because he thought that she was gay. Kirkland supported the court’s decision to sentence DeLee to life imprisonment by saying that the decision was meant to serve as a reminder that the state of New York was not tolerant to hate crimes. Kirkland noted that changes needed to take place within the American society that would reduce the level of bigotry and biasness that existed amongst the various community members. This was a process that was going to take a lot of time but In the meantime, Kirkland together with the Governor developed a Hate Crime Task Force that would deal with hate crimes in New York (Mulvaney Centeno, 2009). The Office of the Governor in New York is mostly mandated with enforcing any state laws or policies that might affect the governance of New York. The Office of the Governor is instrumental in dealing with hate crimes in New York as it has the necessary authority and power to enact hate crimes policies and laws. The Governor’s office in New York established a Hate Crime Task Force in 2009 that would respond to the growing cases of hate crimes in the city. The decision characteristics that the office considered to deal with hate crimes in New York racially motivated offenses or attacks where the race characteristics include African Americans, Latinos, Muslims or Hispanics, religious motivated offenses where the decision characteristics include Muslim, Islamists or Jews, s exual-orientation offenses where the decision characteristics used to make a decision include homosexuals, lesbians or transgender or ethnically motivated hate crimes where the decision characteristics include nationality of the victim, community practices of the victim and the relationship that the victim’s home country has with the United States (Division of Human Rights, 2009). The previous Governor of New York, David Paterson, has also been instrumental in the enactment of various laws that will curb hate crimes in the United States. While he was not as vocal as Mayor Bloomberg or the commissioner of DHR, the Governor initiated several hate crime task forces to deal with the escalating cases of hate crimes especially after the death of Lateisha Green, the death of two Hispanic brothers and the brutal stabbing of a Muslim cab driver, Ahmed Hassan Sharif. The Hate Crimes Task Force (HCTF) which was established by the Office of the Governor is charged with dealing with vict ims of hate crimes as well as reporting hate crime perpetrators to the appropriate authorities. The HCTF is also charged with creating awareness of the diversity in the State of New York to ensure residents are tolerant of each other. The decision characteristics that the HCTF uses to carry out its mandate include the type of protected minority group targeted by bias motivated crimes (disabled, gender, sexual orientation, religion, race and color), the perpetrators of the crime (age, race, nationality, gender, and ethnicity) and the type of offense (murder, robbery, assault, intimidation, arson, burglary, vandalism, burglary). Some of the members of the task force include Tina Stanford, the chairlady of the Crime Victims Board and Lorraine Cortes, the Secretary of State of New York. Both Stanford and Cortes are dedicated to reducing the level of hate crimes in New York where each member in their own capacities deal with victims of hate crimes. For example Stanford manages the cri me victims board which deals with people who have been assaulted through racial motivation or minority group biasness. Cortes on the other hand deals with formulating policies and laws that will be used to deal with hate crime perpetrators in the state of New York. Cortes support for the Hate Crimes Task Force developed by Governor Paterson was evident when she commended him for developing a unit that would deal with the escalating cases of hate crime. Her support for dealing with hate crimes was also evident during the funeral of an Ecuadorian immigrant who had been killed Hispanic racists (Macropoulos, 2008). The law enforcement agencies that exist in the state of New York include the NYPD, the NYS Division of Criminal Justice, NYS Division of State Police and the NYS Department of Correctional Services. The main purpose of these government departments is to maintain order within New York by identifying, prosecuting and detaining criminal offenders. The decision characteristics that are used by these state agencies when dealing with cases of hate crimes include the type of protected minority group that has been targeted by bias motivated crimes (disabled, gender, sexual orientation, religion, race and color), the perpetrators of the crime (age, race, nationality, gender, and ethnicity) and the type of offense (murder, robbery, assault, intimidation, arson, burglary, vandalism, burglary). These five groups have the ability to impact on any decision the client chooses with regards to implementing a policy to counter the escalating cases of hate crimes in New York. Denise O’ Donnell, the Commissioner of the Division of Criminal Justice, has played an instrumental role in establishing the Hate Crimes Task Force in the western part of New York. Her professional history also demonstrates her dedication to reducing hate crimes and discrimination in the state of New York. For example, during her tenure as the chief federal prosecutor for the 17 counties th at fall in the western district of New York, O’Donnell was able to establish a program that would prevent discrimination when it came to housing for members from minority or ethnically diverse groups such as the Hispanics and the Black Americans. During her 2007 appointment as the commissioner of DCJ, O’Donnell vowed to reduce violent crime in the state which encompassed sexual offenses, gun violence and racially motivated crimes (DCJS, 2007). Key Influential Organizations Key Figures Division of Human Rights (DHR) Galen D. Kirkland, Commissioner of DHR Office of the Governor David A. Paterson, Governor of New York Division of Criminal Justice (DCJ) Denise E. O’Donnell, DCJ Commissioner Hate Crimes Task Force Tina Stanford (Chairlady, Crime Victims Board) and Lorraine Cortes (Department of State) Law Enforcement Agencies Colonel Tom Fazio, New York State Police Support to Change All these organizations have provided support to the various govern ment agencies in the state of New York such as the federal and state courts in persecuting perpetrators of hate crimes. Their continued support to vital government policies and statutes will be important as the US government is committed towards fighting hate crimes in the country. The Office of the Governor in the State of New York has proved to be an important government office as it has established the Hate Crime Task Force to deal with increasing cases of bias-motivated crimes in the state. Under the stewardship of Governor David A. Peterson, the taskforce has developed strategies and goals that will be used to prevent hate crimes within the state of New York by increasing the awareness of the citizens towards hates crimes. The taskforce is meant to cater to the diverse needs of the ethnically varied New York state and its citizens who have mostly been subjected to hate crimes such as vandalism, assault, verbal or physical attacks and discrimination (Division of Human Rights, 2009). Option Specification The current hate crimes policy in New York is meant to deal with any acts of violence that are committed against individuals from a sexual orientation group (homosexuals, lesbians and bisexuals), an ethnic community in the United States (Hispanics, Mexicans, Puerto Ricans), a religious group (Jews, Muslims, Hindus, Islam) and a racial group (African-Americans, Asians). The options that are available to the government office in New York charged with the overall welfare of New Yorkers will be to; develop protocols for state agencies and community based organizations that are concerned with hate crime victims, create a hate crimes policy for all law enforcement agencies within the state of New York, provide hate crime training to state prosecutors, support the development of hate crime curricula that is meant to increase awareness on hate crimes in New York (Division of Human Rights, 2009). The first strategic option will involve developing protocols for s tate agencies and community based organizations that are involved with providing services to victims and witnesses of hate crimes. This will entail changing the policy that is concerned with protocols that are used in dealing with hate crimes. This policy change came about from the Immigration Subcommittee based in New York that developed a hate crime protocol that would be used to provide a consistent approach to responding to hate crime victims (Division of Human Rights, 2009). The proposed policy change to the hate crime protocol will therefore complement the work that is being done by the state agencies to address the plight of hate crime victims and witnesses by providing suitable guidelines that will be used to document hate crime offenses. The procedure will require all state agencies and organizations to seek assistance and report any hate crimes to the state of New York police force thereby reducing crimes related to hate. The state offices that will be responsible for t he implementation of the hate crime protocol will include the NYS immigration department, state agencies, community based organizations in New York and the Division of Human Rights. The second option will involve developing curricula that will be used to increase hate crime awareness and also reduce the social stigma of protected minority groups in the state of New York. This policy developed by the Education and Outreach Subcommittee in New York aims to develop curricula that will be used to reduce the stigma of minority groups in educational settings as well as in the New York society. This material will be distributed in various social institutions in the state to ensure that all members of the society are aware of the dangers of hate crimes. Increased awareness in the state will reduce the rate of hate crimes as victims will be able to speak out on any bias motivated offense committed against them and the members of the New York society will also be able to report any hate crim es witnesses and perpetrators to the police. Awareness will also ensure that the members of the society do not tolerate any hate crime offenses and are aware of the various human rights organizations that have been established to deal with this issue. The NYS state agencies that will be involved in the exercise include the State Education Department, NYS United Teachers (NYSUT), the Hate Crimes Task Force and the Office of the Governor. The third option that can be used to effect a policy change in hate crimes is conducting hate crime training for state prosecutors and attorneys in the state of New York. Experienced prosecutors who have dealt with hate crimes in the various counties of New York will go through a one-day training course that will enable them to learn on how to conduct hate crimes investigations, presenting hate crimes issues to juries and also how to work with community based organizations to reduce the cases of hate crimes in New York. Training prosecutors and all criminal attorneys on hate crimes will reduce the number of hate crimes in the State where attorneys will be able to properly present hate crimes court cases before the judiciary for appropriate persecution. The hate crimes training initiative for state prosecutors was a request made by the Deputy Secretary of the Division of Criminal Justice, Denise O’Donnell, who wanted the training of state prosecutors and attorneys updated. The state offices that will be responsible for the implementation will therefore be the Office of the District Attorney, the Depart of Justice for the State of New York, the Division of Criminal Justice Services and the New York Prosecutor’s Training Institute (NYPTI). The fourth option will involve developing hate crime policies for all law enforcement agencies in the state of New York. This will involve developing a model policy that will be used by all law enforcers in the state to deal with victims and witnesses of hate crimes. This policy option has its basis on the training of 400 law enforcement officers in 2008 that received training on domestic extremism in the state. This model policy will be useful in training officers on how they can be able to identify and define hate crimes and also what investigative steps they will use to deal with the perpetrators of hate crimes. The policy will also outline the procedure that police officers have to follow when investigating and arresting perpetrators of hate crimes. The policy and training is meant to reduce the level of hate crimes in New York by providing sensitivity training, hate crime investigative skills and correct hate crime offense reporting. The government offices and agencies that will be involved in the development of hate crime policies for law enforcement officers will be the NYS police departments and the arm of Criminal Justice Services. Evaluation Criteria The evaluation criteria that will be used analyzing the selected options will involve conductin g a political feasibility to determine whether all the major stakeholders agree to the changes on hate crime policies within the state. The administrative feasibility of the policy problem will involve determining the administrative complexities that will be involved in implementing any of the options as well as the labor and man hours needed to implement the policy changes. The financial feasibility as an evaluation criterion will assess each option to determine the amount of financial resources needed to implement and operationalize the policy in the state. Equity will measure whether the selected option will be fair to all the parties that are concerned with reducing the levels of hate crimes in the state while effectiveness will determine whether the selected option will effectively reduce the rate of hate crimes in New York. Effectiveness will be measured by monitoring the performance measures of the selected option. Option Analysis The political feasibility of the problem wi ll be determined by the extent of policy changes that need to be made to ensure the issue of hate crimes has been dealt with in the state. If all the political stakeholders of the policy such as the Governor Cuomo and Mayor Bloomberg agree that policy changes need to be made to the existing hate crime policies then the options suggested will be viable. The option of modifying the existing hate crime policies used by law enforcement agencies will be more politically viable than the other three options because it deals with hate crime policies that will be used by law enforcement agencies to deal with cases of hate crimes in New York. Since both the mayor and the Governor want to reduce the cases of hate crimes, this will be the most politically feasible option (Grattet Jenness, 2001). The administrative feasibility of training all state prosecutors and law enforcement agencies on hate crime protocols will not be administratively feasible as it will require a lot of time, money and resources to develop training programs for the many law enforcement officers and attorneys in the State of New York. The option of training public prosecutors on ways of handling hate crimes will also involve making a few amendments to the Penal Law of New York to ensure that state prosecutors are able to handle the different groups affected by hate crimes. These amendments to the Penal Law will include a subdivision that will deal with hate crimes committed on the personal property of a person believed to be from a different race, religion, nationality, gender, age or sexual orientations and another subdivision that will deal with the persecution of perpetrators believed to have committed hate crimes based on the protected classes of social groups mentioned in before (Marcus, 2002). This option will present some legal constraints and complexities to the obligated bodies during the implementation process which might in the end take a long time to implement. The administrative fe asibility of developing curricula for hate crime awareness is more preferable when compared to the other three options as it will ensure that a large area of the state has been covered by hate crime awareness campaigns and educational tours conducted by the State Education Department and the Hate Crimes Task Force. With regards to financial feasibility, the options of conducting hate crime training for state prosecutors and developing curricula that will be used for hate crime awareness will be more less costly when compared to developing policies for law enforcement agencies and protocols that will be used by community based organizations which will all require a substantive amount of money to be implemented into the Hate Crimes law that is currently use in the state of New York. Training state prosecutors on how to handle hate crimes will reduce the amount of time spent in court dealing with law suits or cases filed against suspects of hate crimes while training law enforcement o fficers will also reduce the amount of time and money spent on reporting and investigating hate crimes. The important stakeholders who are responsible for the financial feasibility of the policy change will be the Office of the Governor, the Division of Criminal Justice, the Office of the District Attorney and the Hate Crimes Task Force. In terms of equity, the option of modifying hate policies for law enforcers will be fair to the social groups mostly affected by hate crimes as it will enable the various police departments in New York to cater to the various victims and witnesses of hate crimes in New York. The policies will ensure that law enforcers are sensitized on how to handle victims of hate crimes so that they gain equitable justice. The participation of the police commissioner of the NYS state police department, Col. Tom Fazio, will ensure that all officers operating within the jurisdiction are sensitized on how to handle hate crimes and also conduct exhaustive investigati ons to ensure that the perpetrators of hate crimes have been apprehended. This option will therefore offer more equitability when compared to the other options. The effectiveness of the options will mostly be determined by whether it will reduce the rates of hate crime in New York. This will be measured by the performance outcome of the options where each option will be accorded a measure that will be used to assess whether it has been effective in reducing the rate of hate crimes within the state. As the policies have as yet not been implemented or effected, the effectiveness of the most suitable policy will be determined by the number of people that are targeted under the policy. The policy option of developing curricula based on hate crimes will reach a far larger number of people in the state when compared to training for state prosecutors and law enforcers as it will ensure that all the residents of the state have been sensitized on the importance of reducing stigma on protect ed minority groups. This option will therefore be more effective as a large number of people will be targeted by the awareness and sensitization efforts. Key Players/ Stakeholders Client Political Feasibility High High Administrative Feasibility High Moderate Financial Feasibility Moderate High Equity Low Moderate Effectiveness High High Recommendations While all the options will effectively deal with hate crimes in New York, the option that has a high probability of dealing with hate crimes is developing protocols that will be used by state agencies and organizations that deal with hate crimes. This option is more suitable and relevant to the current situation as it will be able to reduce the incidences of hate crime currently being experienced in the state of New York. Once the protocols are implemented, they will be able to effectively reduce the incidences of hate crimes as law enforcement agencies will be equipped with the necessary investigative and reporting procedures. Argument for the Option The development protocols of protocols for state agencies and organizations concerned with hate crime victims and witnesses is the best option of dealing with hate crimes in New York as it will not require any additional resources or staff to implement. This protocol will utilize the systems that currently exist to strengthen the consistent approaches of dealing with hate crime victims and witnesses. The hate crime protocols will compliment the work being done by the state agencies and organizations by providing more tools and materials that will be used to respond to hate crimes. The protocols will be used to provide training to police officers on how they can conduct hate crime investigations and they can also be used by the state prosecutor’s office to persecute hate crime offenders in court. Argument against the Options These protocols will however take a long time to implement and operationalise because they will necessitate administ rative and organizational restructuring which will require a lot of money. They will also need to be debated on by the various stakeholders of the policy change to determine whether they can be effective in reducing the rates of hate crimes in New York. These debates might be subject to political interference where the majority vote might see the protocols not being approved at all. In the long term however, they will equip many state agencies with the proper mechanisms and tools to deal with victims and witnesses of hate crimes where equipping community based employees will ensure that they are able to minimize the amount of psychological trauma incurred by the victim as a result of the hate crime. Closing Summary Once the most viable and feasible options have been selected, the next step for the policy analyst will involve presenting the selected options to the various stakeholders of the policy for debate and enactment. References Anti-Defamation League (ADL) (2003). State hate crimes/statutory provisions. New York: Anti-Defamation League Barnes, A., Ephross, P.H., (1994). The impact of hate violence on victims: emotional and behavioral responses to attacks. Social Work, 39(3), 247-251 Bell, J., (2002). Policing hatred. New York: New York University Press Berk, R.A., Boyd, E.A., Hammer, K.A., (2003). Thinking more clearly about hate-motivated crimes. Hate and Bias Crime, 49-60 Boeckmann, R.J., Turpin, P.C., (2002). Understanding the harm of hate crime. Journal of Social Issues, 58(2), 207-225 Bowling, B., (2003). Racial harassment and the process of victimization: conceptual and methodological implications for the local crime survey. Hate and Bias Crime, 61-76 Cogan, J.C., (2002). Hate crime as a crime category worthy of policy attention. American Behavioral Scientist, 46(1), 173-185 Commonwealth of Massachusetts (2007). Governor’s task force in hate crimes. Retrieved from: mass.gov/?pageID=eopsterminalL=3L0=HomeL1=Crime+Prevention+%26+Personal+ SafetyL2=Personal+Safetysid=Eeopsb=terminalcontentf=eops_govtaskforce_hatecrimescsid=Eeops Craig, K.M., (2002). Examining hate-motivated aggression: a review of the social psychological literature on hate crimes as a distinct form of aggression. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 7(1), 85-101 Craig, K.M., (2003). Examining hate-motivated aggression: a review of the social psychological literature on hate crimes as a distinct form of aggression. Hate and Bias Crime, 109-116 Dharmapala, D., (2004). Penalty enhancement for hate crimes: an economic analysis. American Law and Economics Review, 6(1), 185-207 DCJS (2007, March). Denise O’Donnell confirmed as DCJS commissioner. Retrieved February 2, 2011 from: http://criminaljustice.state.ny.us/pio/press_releases/2007-03-21_pressrelease.html DHR (2010). NYS Division of Human Rights. Retrieved from: dhr.state.ny.us/mission.html Division of Human Rights (2009, July). Hate crime task force recommendations. Retrieved from http://criminalj ustice.state.ny.us/pio/annualreport/hate_crimes_task_force_report.pdf FBI (2006). Behind the numbers: Hate crimes task force nets results. Retrieved from: fbi.gov/news/stories/2006/april/hatecrimes_041006 FBI Dallas (2011). Partnerships. Retrieved from: http://dallas.fbi.gov/partners.htm Fetzer, M., (2010, December). Hate crime in New York State 2009 annual report. Retrieved from: http://criminaljustice.state.ny.us/crimnet/ojsa/hate-crime-in-nys-2009-annual-report.pdf Finn, P., McNeil, T., (1988). Bias crime and the criminal justice response. Cambridge, Massachusetts: ABT Associates Incorporated Flint, C., (2004). Introduction to spaces of hate: geographies of discrimination and intolerance in the USA. Spaces of Hate, 1-20 Franklin, K., (2002). Good intentions: the enforcement of hate crime penalty-enhancement statutes. American Behavioral Scientist, 46, 154-172 Gerstenfeld, P.B., (2011). Hate crimes: causes, controls, and controversies. Thousan Oaks, California: Sage Publications Gerstenfeld, P.B., Grant, D.R., (2004). Crimes of hate: selected readings. Thousand Oaks: California Grattet, R., Jenness, V., (2001). The birth and maturation of hate crime policy in the United States. American Behavioral Scientist, 45(4), 668-696 Grautski, A., (2010, October). Activists react to anti-gay hate crime. Retrieved from http://bronxink.org/2010/10/20/9363-activists-react-to-anti-gay-hate-crime/ Green, D.P., McFalls, L.H., Smith, J.K., (2003). Hate crime: an emergent research agenda. Hate and Bias Crime, 27-48 Hall, N., (2005). True crime. New Jersey: Willan Publishers Herek, G.M., Berrill, K., Berrill, K.T., (1998). Hate crimes; confronting violence against lesbians and gay men. Newbury Park, California: Sage Publications Jacobs, J.B., Potter, K., (1998). Hate crimes: criminal law and identity politics. New York: Oxford University Press Jenness, V., (2003, August). Engendering hate crime policy: gender, the dilemma of difference and the creation of legal subjects. Retrieved from http://guweb2.gonzaga.edu/againsthate/journal2/ghs101.pdf Johnson, S.D., Byers, B.D., (2003). Attitudes toward hate crime laws. Journal of Criminal Justice, 31(3), 227-235 Kuehnle, K., Sullivan, A., (2001). Patterns of anti-gay violence: an analysis of incident characteristics and victim reporting. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 16, 928-943 Kristi, R., (2010). New York state hate crime laws. Retrieved from: ehow.com/list_6810344_new-state-hate-crime-laws.html Levin, B., Amster, S.E., (2007). Making hate history: hate crime and policing in America’s most diverse city. American Behavioral Scientist, 51(2), 319-348 Marcus, N. A., (2002). Perceptions of hate crime perpetrators and victims as influenced by race, political orientation and peer group. American Behavioral Scientist, 46(10), 108-135 Macropoulos, A., (2008). In mourning an immigrant, a call for unity on Long Island. Retrieved from: McPhail, B.A., (2002). Gender boas hate crimes: a review. Trauma, Violence, and Abuse: A Review Journal, 3(2), 125-143 Mulvaney, J.E. Centeno, L., (2009, August). Statement by Division of Human Rights Commissioner Galen Kirkland on the Sentencing of Dwight DeLee. Retrieved from dhr.state.ny.us/pdf/nysdhr_statement_lateisha_green.pdf National Gay and Lesbian Task Force (2006). Act locally: New Jersey. Retrieved from thetaskforce.org/activist_center/act_locally/new_jersey New York State (2003, July). Hate crimes act of 2000: Laws of New York, 2000. Retrieved from http://criminaljustice.state.ny.us/legalservices/ch107_hate_crimes_2000.htm Perez, R., (2010, January). Where do hate crimes happen in the US? Retrieved from: tableausoftware.com/public/blog/2010/01/hatecrimes Perry, B., (2003). Accounting for hate-crime. Hate and Bias Crime, 97-108 Rayburn, N.R., Mendoza, M., Davison, G., (2003). Bystander’s perceptions of perpetrators and victims of hate crime. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 18, 1055-1074 Rose, S.M., Mechanic, M.B., (2002) .Psychological distress, crime features, and help-seeking behaviors related to homophobic bias incidents. American Behavioral Scientist, 46(1), 14-26 Schwartz, L., Ulit, I.T., Morgan, D., (2006). Straight talk about hate crime bills: anti-gay, anti-transgender bias stall federal hate crimes legislation. Georgetown Journal of Gender and the Law, 7(2), 171-186 Shively, M., (2005, June). Study of literature and legislation on hate crime in America. Retrieved from: ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/210300.pdf Shively, M., McDevitt, J., Cronin, S., Balboni, J., (2001). Understanding the prevalence and characteristics of bias crime in Massachusetts high schools. Northeastern Center for Criminal Justice Policy Research Spodek, T., (2010, April). Hate crimes in New York State. Retrieved from: globalpolitician.com/26375-hate-crimes-courts-laws Steen, S., Cohen, M., (2004). Assessing the public’s demand for hate crime penalties. Justice Quarterly, 21, 91-124 Streissguth, T., (2009). Ha te crimes. New York: Infobase Publishing TEP (2011). Report a hate crime. Retrieved from tnep.org/html/hatecrimereport.php Tynes, B.M., Neville, H.A., Utsey, S.O., (2009). Handbook of African American psychology. Thousand Oaks, California: Sage Publications

A new competitiveness paradigm Essays

A new competitiveness paradigm Essays A new competitiveness paradigm Essay A new competitiveness paradigm Essay The challenge of the Twenty First Century for Malaysia is to define a niche area to form a new competitiveness paradigm. The pace, direction and quanta of change at all levels demonstrates that new modalities are needed to cope with the uncharted revolution in the products that we consume as well as in the way we live and do business. The driving forces of change are the advancement in technologies, especially information and communication, as well as computing, biotechnology, telecommunications and transportation. Transnationalisation of these technologies and increasingly democratized means of design, production and distribution add to the forces of change. On the soft side, a simultaneous change in consumer behaviour is observed, shifting towards a new value driven tier of consumers. The trend is towards willingness to pay more for the right fit and embedded customer information in products and services. On human capital, the change is towards development of high skills and cognition. At the industry level, the trend is embedding of customer information, Further, inventory build-up or long lag times in capacity planning are no longer the phenomenon due to fundamental improvement in mechanisms enabling production and inventory response to incoming signals. Likewise, many other cognitive problems in private enterprises are solved. At the heart of these advances is new information paradigm of timely information (when) of the right architecture and resolution (what) and enabled by strategically positioned capture mechanisms (how). One will wonder how K-Economy fits into this picture. Well, Malaysias aspiration has been to leapfrog from the Industrial era to a post-Industrial era focusing on information, upstream and downstream research and intensifying knowledge in the entire economic activities. The time is right for such a shift by injecting a catalyst knowledge in the economic performance.   The definition of K-Economy is directly on the acquisition, generation, distribution and utilization of knowledge in all economic activities. Knowledge becomes the strategic resource as, inputs, processes, systems, or as outputs. There is an increasing returns associated with these resources. The determinants of success of national economies and enterprises, thus, depend on their effectiveness in gathering and utilizing knowledge. The structural shift from the Production economy to a K-economy turns around high volume production to high value inputs, processes, systems and outputs. Ideas, relationships and communication are highly leveraged upon. The requirements of the K economy are, thus, a shift from mass-production to mass-customizations solutions that creates value demanded by the new value-driven tier of consumers. In laymans term, K-Economy simply means ability to use knowledge to create new value and wealth. Wealth is measured by the results of knowledge that is inventively applied. ? In the Agricultural economy, wealth was measured by land and produce. Thus the more land and agricultural produce you had, the richer you were. ? In the Industrial economy, wealth was measured by industrial output. The more products you were able to generate in your factories, the richer you were. The Knowledge economy (K-economy) takes these previous economies one step further. Wealth today is not only measured by agricultural or industrial products, but by the new value we can create through the resourceful application of knowledge. Thus, the K-economy includes all human economic activities of previous eras, such as agriculture and industry, but it introduces new activities that were not prominent or possible before. In K-economy agriculture, for instance, knowledge could be put to work more effectively through better planting materials, improved horticultural practices or enhanced means of trading agricultural products. On the other hand, new K-based industries are being conceived that were not possible before, such as telemedicine or web-based learning. In this case, traditional modes of delivering these services are being surpassed, thus enabling consumers and users to access them directly in cheaper and easier ways. The model of the K-Economy The K-economy Model values people, information and relationships. The nucleus of the economy is one of vision-driven, situation-dependent and goals and action-oriented. Key characteristics are:   Mass customized solutions are favoured. Therefore, providing solutions are important skills, requiring teamwork and cooperation in real or virtual relationships among other organizations and people, which provide competitive advantage. Mass production and mass competition models are becoming less important.   Designs are made possible at each solution development, enabling people enrichment, since each level (product, process or supplier) are upgradeable, open ended, having information and services-rich content.   Adaptive economy and culture starts with valuing people, having marketing specialists, skilled employees, advance technological equipment, telecommunications overnight delivery, pre-qualified alliances, virtual corporation and regarding time as value creation

When Jargon Fails

When Jargon Fails When Jargon Fails When Jargon Fails By Mark Nichol Jargon has its purposes. In content pertaining to popular culture, when employing slang to engage readers and other consumers of entertaining information, concise and/or colorful slang enlivens the experience. But in writing about business and technology, jargon can encumber rather than enhance comprehension, and writers should take care to use it judiciously. Consider this sentence: â€Å"What ‘black boxes’ for validation and/or testing exist in the organization?† This sentence has a couple of problems. First, why is â€Å"black boxes† enclosed in quotation marks? Evidently, the writer erroneously believes that doing so helps signal to the reader that the phrase â€Å"black boxes† is jargon being used figuratively; unless youre referring to those little plastic cubes that hold paper clips, no object that can be described as an actual black box exists in the organization, and these marks supposedly serve as a disclaimer. But quotation marks are superfluous for this purpose; they are useful for calling out ironic or specious wording, like pacification in the context of war, but not for emphasizing metaphoric usage of words and phrases. Furthermore, however, is the phrase even useful? Think about various examples of figurative jargon employed in business contexts: Talk about planting a seed, or restraining a loose cannon, or starting over with a clean slate, and colleagues will know what you’re talking about- its clear from the context that gardening, artillery, and chalkboards are not under discussion. But what is a black box? The term alludes here to a device- which is no longer black nor shaped like a box- used in aircraft to make an audio recording of the actions taking place in the cockpit during flight; a black box can be retrieved from a plane after a crash to determine the cause of the accident. This is a pertinent metaphor for a mechanism for documenting validation and/or testing of organizational processes or systems, but because â€Å"black box,† though familiar to readers, is not as transparent in meaning as many other examples of figurative jargon, the reader will have to pause and analyze the analogy, which distracts from the reading experience. Would it be helpful to provide a gloss, or a brief definition of the jargon? That would be useful if the entire article were about a documentation mechanism. But in the context from which the sentence about black boxes was extracted, it is simply a passing reference, and defining the phrase would be merely a further distraction. In this case, the best solution is to replace the jargon with a phrase that clearly expresses the intended idea: â€Å"What mechanisms for documenting validation and/or testing exist in the organization?† When writing or editing in any context, evaluate whether jargon or other slang serves communication or itself (or, worse yet, the writer’s ego), and retain or revise accordingly. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Style category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:The Meaning of "To a T"The Parts of a Word5 Examples of Misplaced Modifiers

Three Perspectives on a Current Issue from the Three Paradigms Being Research Paper

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Critical Thinking Argument Paper - Assignment Example The energy wasted in the process far exceeds the energy we actually receive from these renewable sources. For these reasons, my conclusion is that the solar, wind, and hydraulic sources of renewable energy cannot be a feasible and permanent alternative to coal. Preexisting conditions, like congenital heart disease or Type I diabetes, can be grounds for refusal of health insurance by private insurance companies. This leads to a growing number of people who either are uninsured or have inadequate coverage. The costs of routine visits to a doctor, let alone life-saving procedures or long term medical care, are immense and can be impossible to pay off in full by most of the Americans. Thus, there is no regular and monitored access to health care for a growing number of people. Emergency rooms are available to uninsured people if they require urgent medical care, but these visits are not free. Neither do they include continued monitoring. The costs incurred by the government for providing aid to uninsured people run into billions of dollars. Providing some kind of basic health insurance for all American citizens would probably cost the government a lot less, in the long run. Thus, I conclude that universal health care would have numerous advant ages to